1. Labor Forces Chapter 12

2. Terms to Know Labor Quality Labor Quality Labor Quantity Labor Quantity Labor Mobility Labor Mobility

3. Labor Mobility 1945-1970s--30 million workers 1945-1970s--30 million workers Two groups Two groups Foreign-born Foreign-born Foreign Foreign Immigration Immigration 11.5% 11.5% Naturalization Naturalization U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Two missions Two missions Illegal immigrants Illegal immigrants

4. American Policies History History Federal Law Federal Law 1921 1921 1965 1965 1986 1986 Visa Types Visa Types B visa B visa E visa E visa F visa F visa H visa H visa I visa I visa J visa J visa L visa L visa

5. American Policies Immigrant Visas Immigrant Visas Refugee/Asylum Seekers Refugee/Asylum Seekers 75 million 75 million Historical trends Historical trends Requirements Requirements Population trends Population trends U.N. High Commission for Refugees U.N. High Commission for Refugees

6. Immigration Fueled economy Fueled economy Brain Drain Brain Drain What is it? What is it? Why does it happen Why does it happen Example: Jamaica Example: Jamaica Reverse Brain Drain Reverse Brain Drain Why is it occurring? Why is it occurring? Guest Workers Guest Workers Why use them? Why use them? Problems Problems

7. Labor Force Productivity “How many acceptable units are produced by a worker during a given time and cost per unit.” “How many acceptable units are produced by a worker during a given time and cost per unit.” Forces Forces

8. Considerations in Employment Policies Social Status Social Status Sexism Sexism Racism Racism Minorities in Traditional Studies Minorities in Traditional Studies Developing Nations Developing Nations

9. Social Status Great Britain Great Britain India India Caste system Caste system Brahmin Brahmin Kshatriyac Kshatriyac Bania Bania Shudra Shudra Rules Rules Japan Japan Warrior-samauri Warrior-samauri Farmers and artisans Farmers and artisans Merchants Merchants “Dirty” occupations “Dirty” occupations

10. Sexism Extremes Extremes Maternity and Family Leave Maternity and Family Leave Women’s education Women’s education Global literacy rates Global literacy rates Opportunities in decision-making Opportunities in decision-making

11. Racism Does globalization reduce it? Does globalization reduce it?

12. Minorities in Traditional Sciences Traditional Sciences Traditional Sciences What are they? What are they? Use of minorities to create inroads Use of minorities to create inroads Advantages Advantages Disadvantages Disadvantages

13. Developing Countries What is causing problems? What is causing problems? Effects of higher education Effects of higher education

14. Employer-Employee Relationships Importance of Preparation Importance of Preparation Labor market Labor market Research Research What to look for? What to look for? Labor trends Labor trends

15. Labor Unions Europe Europe Political Political Government active Government active United States United States More pragmatic More pragmatic Collective bargaining Collective bargaining Japan Japan Enterprise-based Enterprise-based Focus on company Focus on company Least satisfied Least satisfied

16. Labor Unions Membership Trends Membership Trends Union free businesses Union free businesses Women and teenagers Women and teenagers Union success Union success Knowledge economy Knowledge economy

17. Multinational Labor Activities Globalization Effects Globalization Effects Union Response Union Response European Union European Union European Trade Union Conference European Trade Union Conference AFL-CIO AFL-CIO International Labor Organization International Labor Organization What does it do? What does it do? Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD What does it do? What does it do? Would harmonized labor standards boost trade and income? Would harmonized labor standards boost trade and income? Unions Unions IMF IMF

18. Worker Participation Codetermination Codetermination Originated in Europe Originated in Europe How does it work? How does it work? Expansion Expansion U.S.? U.S.? Works Councils Works Councils Objective: Objective: Two forms Two forms Spreading to the U.S.? Spreading to the U.S.?