1. Global thematic comparison
Comparing
Economic
Systems
Global thematic comparison
Unità di Studi Interdisciplinari per l’Economia Sostenibile
UNIVERSITA’ CARLO CATTANEO (

2. Selected performance survey: GDP and other indicators
This growing interest may reflect a combination of objective as well as societal factors.
A first one probably lies with the increasingly visibility of some of the adverse consequences of economic activity on the environment (e.g. climatic change).
A second factor is the end of the “catching up” period, the so-called “30 glorieuses”, where GDP growth was substantial. The period of lower and less regular economic growth that followed was accompanied by higher perceived economic insecurity, in the form of greater exposure to unemployment, poverty and bad work conditions.
Changes in goals necessarily go along with changes in indicators.
From a perspective of economic welfare, the main limits can be identified to this concept:
the exclusion of many household activities that are productive in an economic sense
the problems concerning the measurement of non market output and its aggregation with market production.

3. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The GDP is a basic measure of a country's overall economic performance. It is the market value of all final goods and services made within the borders of a country in a year.
Product approach
GDP = Gross Value Added + Taxes on products - Subsidies on products
Sales of goods - purchase of intermediate goods to produce the goods sold
Expenditure method
GDP = Consumption + Investment + Government Spending + (Exports-Imports).
Income method
GDP = Rents + interests + profits + statistical adjustments + wages 3

4. Gross National Income
Gross national income (GNI) comprises the value of all products and services generated within a country in one year (i.e., its gross domestic product), together with its net income received from other countries (notably interest and dividends).
The GNI consists of: the personal consumption expenditures, the gross private investment, the government consumption expenditures, the net income from assets abroad (net income receipts), and the gross exports of goods and services, after deducting two components: the gross imports of goods and services, and the indirect business taxes. The GNI is similar to the gross national product (GNP), except that in measuring the GNP one does not deduct the indirect business

6. GDP per capita (US$) First 20 Last 20
GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products.
GDP per capita (US$)
Country Name
2010
Luxembourg
Norway
84.840
Switzerland
66.934
Denmark
55.988
Sweden
48.832
United States
47.184
Netherlands
47.159
Canada
46.148
Ireland
45.497
Austria
44.863
Finland
44.522
Singapore
43.867
Japan
43.137
Belgium
42.969
Germany
40.509
Iceland
39.679
France
39.460
United Kingdom
36.100
Italy
33.917
Spain
30.542
Country Name
2010
Guinea-Bissau
580
Burkina Faso
536
Rwanda
530
Tanzania
527
Nepal
524
Togo
523
Uganda
509
Gambia, The
467
Central African Republic
457
Guinea
452
Madagascar
421
Mozambique
410
Eritrea
403
Ethiopia
358
Niger
Malawi
343
Sierra Leone
325
Liberia
247
Congo, Dem. Rep.
199
Burundi
192
First 20
Last 20
Source: World Bank, 2011

7. GDP growth (2000-2010) 7% and beyond Up to 2%
United States; Guinea-Bissau
1,9
Malta
1,8
Dominica
Gabon
High income
Switzerland
Marshall Islands
Austria
1,7
Norway
Grenada
Kiribati
Greenland
United Kingdom
St. Kitts and Nevis
Belgium, Netherlands
1,6
Channel Islands
1,5
Tonga
Brunei Darussalam; France
1,4
Jamaica; Guyana
1,2
Central African Republic
1,1
Germany
St. Lucia
Japan; Portugal; Denmark
1,0
Fiji
0,8
Iraq
0,7
Cote d'Ivoire
Italy; Palau
0,6
Aruba; Micronesia, Fed. Sts.; Bahamas, The
0,5
Haiti
0,2
Barbados
0,1
Eritrea
-0,3
West Bank and Gaza
-2,0
Zimbabwe
-4,2
GDP growth ( )
Country Name
Equatorial Guinea
17,8
Azerbaijan
14,9
Turkmenistan
13,6
Qatar
13,5
Myanmar
13,0
Macao SAR, China
12,4
Afghanistan
10,7
Angola
10,5
Tuvalu
10,4
China
10,3
Sierra Leone
9,2
Kazakhstan
8,4
Bhutan
Tajikistan
Ethiopia
8,3
Cambodia
8,0
Chad
Armenia
Rwanda
7,6
India
7,4
Belarus
Mozambique
7,3
Vietnam
7,2
Kuwait
7,0
Uganda
7% and beyond
Up to 2%
Source: World Bank, 2011

8. GNI vs GDP
For example, the profits of a US-owned company operating in the UK will only count towards US GNI and UK GDP. If a country becomes heavily indebted, and pays large amounts of interest to service this debt, this will be reflected in a decreased GNI but not a decreased GDP. If a country sells off its resources to entities outside their country this will also be reflected over time in decreased GNI, but not decreased GDP. Therefore, the GDP appears more attractive for countries with increasing national debt and decreasing assets.
GNI vs GNP
GNP is a concept that goes hand in hand with GNI, GDP, and NNI. In contrast to the GNI, the GNP does not account for the balance of cross-country income, such as interest and dividends. In contrast to the GDP, the GNP account for the values of products and services based on citizenship of the owners rather than the territory of the activity
Net national income (NNI) is an economics term used in national income accounting. It can be defined as the net national product (NNP) minus indirec taxes. Net national income encompasses the income of households, businesses, and the government. It can be expressed as: NNI = Consumption + Investment + Government spending + (Net eXports) + net foreign factor income - indirect taxes - depreciation

9. GNI per capita (US$) First 20 Last 20
PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates.
GNI per capita (US$)
Country Name
2010
Luxembourg
63.950
Norway
57.100
Singapore
55.380
Switzerland
48.960
Hong Kong SAR, China
47.130
United States
47.120
Netherlands
42.610
Denmark
40.290
Sweden
39.660
Austria
39.390
Germany
38.140
Belgium
37.800
Finland
37.180
United Kingdom
36.590
Japan
34.780
France
34.440
Ireland
32.520
Spain
31.640
Italy
31.130
Korea, Rep.
29.010
Country Name
2010
Chad
1.210
Nepal
1.200
Guinea-Bissau
1.180
Rwanda
1.150
Haiti
1.110
Comoros
1.080
Ethiopia
1.030
Guinea
1.020
Mali
Madagascar
950
Mozambique
920
Togo
890
Malawi
850
Sierra Leone
820
Central African Republic
780
Niger
720
Eritrea
540
Burundi
400
Liberia
340
Congo, Dem. Rep.
320
First 20
Last 20
Source: World Bank, 2011

10. Source: CIA Factbook 2013 (from World Bank data)
Gini coefficient, 2013
The Gini coefficient is a measure of the inequality of a distribution, a value of 0 expressing total equality and a value of 1 maximal inequality.
Source: CIA Factbook 2013 (from World Bank data)

11. Income share held by lowest 20%, 2010
Source: World Bank, 2011

12. Income share held by highest 20%, 2010
Source: World Bank, 2011

13. Human Development Index (HDI)
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic used to rank countries by level of "human development" and separate "very high human development", "high human development", "medium human development", and "low human development" countries. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, a developing or an under-developed country, and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life. There are also HDI for states, cities, villages, etc. by local organizations or companies.

14. Source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2011
Human Development Index (HDI) value, 2011
Source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2011

15. Source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2011
Human Development Index (HDI) trends:
First 20 countries
Source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2011

16. Source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2011
Human Development Index (HDI) trends:
Last 20 countries
Source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2011

17. Global Competitiveness Index
Since 2004, the report ranks the world's nations according to the Global Competitiveness Index.
The report states that it is based on the latest theoretical and empirical research. It is made up of over 110 variables, of which two thirds come from the Executive Opinion Survey, and one third comes from publicly available sources such as the United Nations.
The variables are organized into twelve pillars, with each pillar representing an area considered as an important determinant of competitiveness.

18. First 30 Last 30 The Global Competitiveness Index 2011-2012 rankings
© 2011 World Economic Forum |
GCI
GCI
Country/Economy
Rank
Score
Change
Switzerland 1
5,74
Singapore 2
5,63 3
Sweden
5,61 -1
Finland 4
5,47 7
United States 5
5,43
Germany 6
5,41
Netherlands 8
Denmark
5,40 9
Japan -3
United Kingdom 10
5,39 12
Hong Kong SAR 11
5,36
Canada
5,33 -2
Taiwan, China 13
5,26
Qatar 14
5,24 17
Belgium 15
5,20 19
Norway 16
5,18
Saudi Arabia
5,17 21
France 18
5,14
Austria
Australia 20
5,11 -4
Malaysia
5,08 26
Israel 22
5,07 24
Luxembourg 23
5,03
Korea, Rep.
5,02
New Zealand 25
4,93
China
4,90 27
United Arab Emirates
4,89
Brunei Darussalam 28
4,78
Ireland 29
4,77
Iceland 30
4,75 31
First 30
Last 30
Zambia
113
3,67
115 2
Ghana
114
3,65
Nicaragua
3,61
112 -3
Cameroon
116
111 -5
Malawi
117
3,58
125 8
Pakistan
118
123 5
Cape Verde
119 -2
Tanzania
120
3,56 -7
Uganda
121
Paraguay
122
3,53
Belize
3,52
n/a
Venezuela
124
3,51
Nepal
3,47
130
Kyrgyz Republic
126
3,45
Nigeria
127
Mali
128
3,39
132 4
Côte d'Ivoire
129
3,37
Madagascar
3,36 -6
Timor-Leste
131
3,35
133
Zimbabwe
3,33
136
Mozambique
3,31
Swaziland
134
3,30 -8
Lesotho
135
3,26
Burkina Faso
3,25
Mauritania
137
3,20
Yemen
138
3,06
Angola
139
2,96 -1
Burundi
140
2,95
Haiti
141
2,90
Chad
142
2,87

19. Big Mac Index
Source: The Economist, 2011

20. Environmental Performance Index (EPI)
The 2010 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) ranks 163 countries on 25 performance indicators tracked across ten policy categories covering both environmental public health and ecosystem vitality. These indicators provide a gauge at a national government scale of how close countries are to established environmental policy goals

21. Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2012, selected countries
First 20 country
Last 20 country
Source: Yale/CIESIN, 2013, 2012 Environmental Performance Index