1. Nigeria Ross Gartley January 27, 2000 l Pop : 121 million l GDP/capita: $285 l Poverty : 66% l Debt/GDP : 70% l “Democracy” l oil, cocoa

2. Political Development: Nigeria l Historical Overview l Democracy? l Political Development l Challenges l Economic Development l Dual Economy l Conclusion

3. Intro l Classical authoritarian regime in transition l Political development toward a democratic state requires greater political integration and economic independence l Role of MNC and DFI have limited the development of Nigeria by exacerbating social cleavages.

4. Historical Overview l 1960 : Nigeria unified as a federal state l 3 primary states: West, North and East : source of conflict; divided according to cultural concentration l Various succession movements l Founding of Republic of Biafra l lack of political integration: Ethnic conflict l Rise of authoritarian regime l Transition to civilian rule?

5. Democracy? l Foundations of democracy in 1960: free election, multiparty system l 3 groups of rights as a precondition to democracy existed at time l participation; political integration l Government infrastructure l Accountability

6. Political Development l Federalism l 1st and 2nd Republic l Politics directed by economic policy; states are in competition l Widespread corruption; spurred MNC & DFI and bilateral aid (tied). l Failure of republics : rise of authoritarian regime

7. Challenges l Class alignment : Upper class gained status due to their intermediary role b/w MNC and their middle/lower class supporters. l Underdevelopment is the bi-product of development l Domestic and international core-periphery relationship l Vulnerable to international economic fluctuations l Foreign owned debt

8. Liabilities

9. Dependency Approach : Dual Economy l Portion of Nigerian economy is modern : based heavily on exports (oil) and manufacturing. Technologically advanced l The traditional sector is losing K,L and land, further exacerbating problem. l Modern sector is exploiting traditional sector thereby further increasing its power. l Elites invest interest and $ in modern sector vs. traditional. Undermine heritage; creating resentment 1983

10. Economic Development l Enormous economic potential : local participation needed. l Active state participation : capital accumulation l Yet annual growth rate lies below 3rd world expectations (4%) l Per Capita income ‘97<‘60 in real terms l 66% of population lives below poverty line l MNC account for 85% of economic activity

11. Empirical Evidence: Microcase

12. Con’t

13. Conflict : Political Development

14. Conclusion l Foreign industrial development in Nigeria has substantially increased its dependence : Single industry economy l Political development can only occur with greater role of state l But greater role of state is only possible with political integration of divergent cultures found within Nigeria l Olusegun Obasanjo : can he succeed where all others have failed?