2. After World War I After World War I was there high or low unemployment? HIGH! Some Canadians pressured employers to fire immigrant workers so that soldiers could have their jobs Who else was pressured to leave their jobs? Hint: we talked about it two classes ago!

3. Who is to blame? Immigrants were blamed for high unemployment Immigrants were blamed for starting the Winnipeg General Strike (Not true!)

4. Equality? Not all immigrants were treated the same Immigrants from Britain and other Northern European countries were welcome in Canada As people began to move into the city, Canada needed more farmers and farm labourers

5. The government decides The government came up with several acts and agreements that decided who could immigrate and who couldn’t and under what conditions Empire Settlement Act, 1922 Railway Agreement, 1924 Immigration Act, 1919 Chinese Immigration Act, 1923

6. Empire Settlement Act Recruited British Empire immigrants, but only if they were white Allowed British subjects living in Canada to nominate a relative, friend or acquaintance for farm or domestic work Between 1923-1929 more than 22,000 women came to Canada under the agreement

7. Railway Agreement Authorized the Canadian National Railway, and Canadian Pacific Railway to recruit farmers from Europe Relaxed some of the exclusion policies to include immigration of Eastern Europeans (Germans, Polish, Russian, Ukrainian, etc.) More than 185,000 Europeans came to Canada

8. Immigration Act Prohibited immigration of “Enemy Aliens” (Germans, Austrians, Hungarians, Bulgarians, Turks) People from certain religions such as Mennonites

9. Chinese Immigration Act Banned Chinese immigration to Canada Not ended until 1947 Between 1923-1947 only 8 Chinese people were allowed to immigrate to Canada!

10. Immigration Cartoons People from Asia and South Asia were discouraged from immigrating to Canada There was even a law that required people from India to travel directly to Canada on a ship that did not stop anywhere along the way. But no ships sailed directly from India to Canada!

14. Other immigrants Other members of religious groups were barred from coming, such as Mennonites, Doukhobors, and Hutterites. By 1924, immigration officials barred Black immigrants from entering Canada on racial grounds; their race was deemed unsuited to Canada's climate. Immigration and Colonization department was hostile toward Jews and few were allowed to immigrate in the 1920s (this practice continued up to and during WII)

15. 100 years of immigration! Top countries of origin of immigrants to Canada 1900 to 1910 Settlement of the West From 1900 to 1910 1. British Isles 2. United States 3. Russia 4. Austria 5. Galicia 1911 to 1920 World War I (1914 to 1918) From 1911 to 1920 1. British Isles 2. United States 3. Russia 1921 to 1930 Pier 21 in Halifax opens in 1928 From 1921 to 1930 1. British Isles 2. United States 3. Poland 4. Russia 5. Czechoslovakia 6. Finland

16. 1931 to 1940 The Great Depression begins in 1929 From 1931 to 1940 1. United States 2. British Isles 3. Poland 4. Czechoslovakia 1941 to 1950 World War II (1942 to 1945) and the arrival of displaced persons/refugees (1947 to 1950) From 1941 to 1950 1. British Isles 2. Poland 3. United States 4. Netherlands 5. Italy 6. U.S.S.R. 1951 to 1960 Hungarian refugees begin to arrive (1956) From 1951 to 1960 1. British Isles (25%) 2. Italy (16%) 3. Germany (12%) 4. Netherlands (8%) 5. United States (5%) 6. Poland (4%) 7. Hungary (3%)

17. 1961 to 1970 Americans of draft age; 11,000 Czecholslovakian refugees arrive from 1968 to 1969. From 1961 to 1970 1. British Isles (21%) 2. Italy (13%) 3. United States (10%) 4. Portugal (5%) 5. Greece (4%) 6. Federal Republic of Germany (4%) 7. Other West Indies (3%) 8. Yugoslavia (3%) 1971 to 1980 Refugees accepted from Uganda and Chile (1972 to 1973); Indochinese Boat People (1975 to 1981) From 1971 to 1980 1. British Isles (13%) 2. United States (10%) 3. India (6%) 4. Portugal (5%) 5. Philippines (4%) 6. Jamaica (4%) 7. People’s Republic of China (4%) 8. Hong Kong (4%)

18. 1981 to 1990 From 1981 to 1990 1. Hong Kong (7%) 2. India (7%) 3. British Isles (6%) 4. Poland (6%) 5. People’s Republic of China (6%) 6. Philippines (5%) 7. United States (5%) 8. Viet Nam (4%) 1991 to 2000 1997 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the Citizenship and Immigration Act; 7,000 refugees from Kosovo arrive in 1999. From 1991 to 2000 1. People's Republic of China 2. India 3. Philippines 4. Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong 5. Sri Lanka 6. Pakistan 7. Taiwan 8. United States