1. Barriers to Development and Possible Solutions for Africa & Latin America Essential Questions 1. What are the barriers to development? 2. What are the possible solutions to these barriers?

2. Homework: Characteristics of Developing World 1. Low income (low GDP) 2. Need investment 3. Impact of Cold War & European imperialism 4. Low life expectancy 5. Low literacy rate 6. Little infrastructure 7. Poor healthcare 8. Lack of diverse exports (one export) 9. Lack of education 10. Disease and environmental barriers

3. Homework: What is development? Increased equitable wealth (GDP) Increased equitable wealth (GDP) Improved quality of life Improved quality of life Freedom: economic, political, social Freedom: economic, political, social A process in place to achieve sustainable economic growth A process in place to achieve sustainable economic growth

4. Possible Solutions? Increased Education Increased Education Reduce disease Reduce disease Update medical care Update medical care Provide useful aid equitably Provide useful aid equitably Give $ instead of food (to communities) Give $ instead of food (to communities) Ask what they need Ask what they need Increased investment Increased investment

5. Barriers to Development We will look at 6 categories… 1.Human Rights Violations 2.Environmental Barriers 3.Barriers to Education 4.Political Failure 5.Economic Barriers 6.Foreign Policy Barriers

6. 1. Human Rights Violations Slave trade Slave trade European imperialism through colonization European imperialism through colonization Genocide Genocide Civil war Civil war Poor healthcare; malnutrition Poor healthcare; malnutrition Low life expectancy Low life expectancy

7. European imperialism leads to… Unprecedented slave trade Unprecedented slave trade Millions killed Millions killed Millions displaced Millions displaced Impact on future generations Impact on future generations

8. European imperialism leads to… Social and cultural disruption Social and cultural disruption Europeans had new ways of doing things Europeans had new ways of doing things No regard for traditional African ways of life No regard for traditional African ways of life

9. European imperialism leads to… Berlin Conference of 1884 – Europe divided Africa using lines on a map Berlin Conference of 1884 – Europe divided Africa using lines on a map Focused on balance of power in Europe Focused on balance of power in Europe Division of ethnic groups Division of ethnic groups Colonial borders Colonial borders

10. Scramble for Africa

11. Genocide and Civil War Ethnic Conflicts Ethnic Conflicts Civil wars in Angola, Chad, Republic of Congo, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe… Civil wars in Angola, Chad, Republic of Congo, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe… Death, destruction, instability, no security Death, destruction, instability, no security

12. Malnutrition Somalia Somalia Ethiopia Ethiopia Sudan Sudan

13. 2. Environmental Barriers Disease Disease HIV HIV Malaria Malaria Tsetse Tsetse Erratic rainfall Erratic rainfall Poor soil; desertification Poor soil; desertification Urbanization Urbanization

14. 3. Education Few opportunities for secondary education Few opportunities for secondary education Children used for cheap labor instead Children used for cheap labor instead Poor schools Poor schools Low literacy Low literacy

15. 4. Political Failure Dictatorship Dictatorship One party democracy One party democracy Leadership Leadership Corruption Corruption

16. Corruption Rigged elections Rigged elections Leaders seek personal gain and riches Leaders seek personal gain and riches Mobutu made $5 million on minerals from Zimbabwe Mobutu made $5 million on minerals from Zimbabwe

17. Where did Africans learn corrupt government practices? European political power grew out of the barrel of a gun European political power grew out of the barrel of a gun Authoritarian, manipulative Authoritarian, manipulative Did not encourage democracy or lawful rule Did not encourage democracy or lawful rule

18. 5. Economic Barriers One crop (instead of diversified economy) One crop (instead of diversified economy) Low GDP Low GDP Little investment Little investment Little infrastructure Little infrastructure High poverty rate High poverty rate Reliance on agriculture Reliance on agriculture

19. 6. Foreign Policy Barriers European colonialism European colonialism Borders Borders Cold War (of course!) Cold War (of course!) CIA intervention CIA intervention U.S. support for dictators U.S. support for dictators U.N. nonintervention U.N. nonintervention IMF/World Bank IMF/World Bank

20. Cold War After WWII, many African nations gain independence and become pawns in the Cold War After WWII, many African nations gain independence and become pawns in the Cold War U.S. support for poor leaders because they were communist or viewed as communist U.S. support for poor leaders because they were communist or viewed as communist Sale of weapons to African states Sale of weapons to African states