1. International Environmental Policy
National Environmental Policy of:
nigeria
Hari Srinivas
Room: I /

2. Nigeria Locationof Nigeria
Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.

3. Basic statistics
Nigeria has the 7th largest population in the world and the highest in Africa ( = Japan is 10th largest)
GDP – US$1 for Nigeria is US$20 for Japan
Oil and oil products are the main exports of the country.
India is the second largest trade partner (exports and imports) of Nigeria, after the US.
Nigeria’s GDP

4. A Quick Look at Nigeria’s History
British influence and control over what would become Nigeria and Africa's most populous country grew through the 19th century.
A series of constitutions after World War II granted Nigeria greater autonomy; independence came in 1960.
Following nearly 16 years of military rule, a new constitution was adopted in 1999, and a peaceful transition to civilian government was completed.
The government continues to face the daunting task of reforming a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement, and institutionalizing democracy.
In addition, Nigeria continues to experience longstanding ethnic and religious tensions.
Although both the 2003 and 2007 presidential elections were marred by significant irregularities and violence, Nigeria is currently experiencing its longest period of civilian rule since independence.
The general elections of April 2007 marked the first civilian-to-civilian transfer of power in the country's history.

5. Historical trends and Conflicts
1990s ~
Pre-Colonization Period
Colonization Period (British)
Post Independence Period
Tribal Conflicts
Ancient kingdoms and tribal lands – minimal impact on the environment
Civil wars/conflicts
Exploitation of mineral resources by British – no benefit for local people
Religious conflicts
Exploitation by multinational companies – corruption, poverty and unbalanced growth

6. The Ripple Effect
Instability and conflict leading to low priority for environmental issues
Refugees and displaced persons basic needs met from local environment
Conflict between North and South Nigeria
Conflict destroys local environment

7. Causes of Environmental Problems
Usual
problems of developing countries
Lack of investment
Lack of skills and jobs
Lack of finance
Corruption
Lack of water supply
Lack of sanitation
Poor health
Oil Industry
Environmental consequences and impacts

8. Types of Pollution: AIR
Main causes of air pollution include:
Gaseous discharge from industries
Indiscriminate and open burning of waste
Bush burning
Gas flaring
Indoor cooking
Emissions from generators
Mining activities

9. Types of Pollution: WATER
Main causes of water pollution include:
Untreated or partially treated industrial waste water
Municipal sewage
Agricultural run-off (perticide, fertilizer etc.)
Indiscriminate dumping of waste
Acid deposition
Discharge from waste dumpsite
Saline intruusion (mixing of Seawater)

10. Types of pollution: LAND
Main causes of land pollution include:
Indiscriminate dumping of industrial, municipal and hazardous wastes
Industrial effluents and household sewage
Tailing from mining industries (earth that is moved when metals and other minerals are mined)

11. Industry sector Pollution
Petroleum and Petrochemicals - air, water
Mining - tailings, water
Iron and Steel - Water, air, solid wastes
Textiles - waste water, solid wastes, air
Food and beverages - organic wastes

12. Oil Industry: The Good and Bad
TECHNOLOGY DIMENSION
Oil spills and accidents
Oil Industry
SOCIO-CULTURAL
DIMENSION
Highest Export Earner
Oil sabotage
ENVIRONMENTAL
DIMENSION
ECONOMIC DIMENSION
Oil processing

13. Industrial Wastes Industrial wastes
Lack of expertise to reduce pollution
Lack of technology to reduce pollution
Existing waste treatment facilities are poorly maintained
Dumpsites are not maintained in a environmentally friendly manner
Industrial wastes
80% discharge directly into the open
High cost of reducing pollution reduction

14. Oil and Environment Links - 1
SPILLS
Land contamination
Water and Groundwater Pollution
Poor Water Supply for households

15. Oil and Environment Links - 2
FIRES AND ACCIDENTS
Risk to Human Lives
CO2 and GHG Emissions
Poor Human and Community Health

16. Oil and Environment Links - 3
EXPLORATION
Cutting of Forests
Soil Erosion and Flood disasters
Increased CO2 Emissions and Climate Change

17. Unbalanced Wealth
?!!
Largest producer of oil in Africa; 95% of national export is oil
50% of people below the poverty line (earning US$2 per day); poor education and health; most survive on agriculture jobs

18. Framework for Environmental Management
Nigerian Constitution
National Policy on Environment
Act 42 of 1988 on Trade in Toxic Wastes
Regulations on wastewater from Industries
Regulations on Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes
Environmental Impact Assessment
Institutional Framework
Federal Ministry of Environment(National level)
Departments of Environment (State Level)
Other agencies related to oil spills etc.

19. Some Key Policy Problems
Institutional constraints
Enforcement and monitoring
Regulations
Capacities - Financial, Personnel, Technical
Data and Information
Industrial and Economic policies

20. The Real Policy Dilemma
Very Good Policy
Very Poor Implementation
Mmm … ?!!
Conflicting priorities and lack of integration
Poor governance and corruption
Lack of expertise and finance
Poverty and special needs of the poor

21. Putting the pieces together …
Mmm … ?!!
The resources for a good, rich country are available in Nigeria
The country needs good governance and strong leadership to put the resources together

22. Environmental Business Opportunity
Transnational Oil Companies
- Shell
- Total
- ExxonMobil
- Chevron
- Agip
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Environmental Reporting
Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14001)
Civil Society Partnerships
Strong leadership by companies in environmental management?

23. Future Trends: Environmental Policies
Energy Policies
Agricultural Policies
Trade Policies
Environmental Policies
Urbanization Policies
Poverty Reduction Policies
Gender Policies

24. Future Trends: Environmental Policies
Tradable Commodities of/for the environment – for example emissions trading
Stock Exchange – exchange of industrial wastes for reuse and recycling
Concession – investment in environmental issues may become tax-free, or

25. Developmental Benefits
Social benefits
(improved quality of life)
Environmental Benefits
Good Environmental Policy
Cultural Benefits
(“Pride of Place”)
Economic Benefits
(Jobs/income, Tourism etc.)

26. http://www.gdrc.info/iep Contact me …
Prof. Hari Srinivas Room: I-312 Tel:
Class website: