1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.1 Table of Contents Chapter 3 (Linear Programming: Formulation and Applications) Super Grain Corp. Advertising-Mix Problem (Section 3.1)3.2–3.5 Resource Allocation Problems (Section 3.2)3.6–3.16 Cost-Benefit-Trade-Off Problems (Section 3.3)3.17–3.22 Mixed Problems (Section 3.4)3.23–3.28 Transportation Problems (Section 3.5)3.29–3.33 Assignment Problems (Section 3.6)3.34–3.37 Applications of Linear Programming with Spreadsheets (UW Lecture)3.38–3.57 These slides are based upon lectures to first-year MBA students at the University of Washington that discuss the application and formulation of linear programming models (as taught by one of the authors).

2. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.2 Super Grain Corp. Advertising-Mix Problem Goal: Design the promotional campaign for Crunchy Start. The three most effective advertising media for this product are –Television commercials on Saturday morning programs for children. –Advertisements in food and family-oriented magazines. –Advertisements in Sunday supplements of major newspapers. The limited resources in the problem are –Advertising budget ($4 million). –Planning budget ($1 million). –TV commercial spots available (5). The objective will be measured in terms of the expected number of exposures. Question: At what level should they advertise Crunchy Start in each of the three media?

3. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.3 Cost and Exposure Data Costs Cost Category Each TV Commercial Each Magazine Ad Each Sunday Ad Ad Budget$300,000$150,000$100,000 Planning budget90,00030,00040,000 Expected number of exposures 1,300,000600,000500,000

4. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.4 Spreadsheet Formulation

5. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.5 Algebraic Formulation LetTV = Number of commercials for separate spots on television M = Number of advertisements in magazines. SS = Number of advertisements in Sunday supplements. Maximize Exposure = 1,300TV + 600M + 500SS subject to Ad Spending:300TV + 150M + 100SS ≤ 4,000 ($thousand) Planning Cost:90TV + 30M + 30SS ≤ 1,000 ($thousand) Number of TV Spots:TV ≤ 5 and TV ≥ 0, M ≥ 0, SS ≥ 0.

6. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.6 The TBA Airlines Problem TBA Airlines is a small regional company that specializes in short flights in small airplanes. The company has been doing well and has decided to expand its operations. The basic issue facing management is whether to purchase more small airplanes to add some new short flights, or start moving into the national market by purchasing some large airplanes, or both. Question: How many airplanes of each type should be purchased to maximize their total net annual profit?

7. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.7 Data for the TBA Airlines Problem Small Airplane Large Airplane Capital Available Net annual profit per airplane$1 million$5 million Purchase cost per airplane5 million50 million$100 million Maximum purchase quantity2—

8. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.8 Violates Divisibility Assumption of LP Divisibility Assumption of Linear Programming: Decision variables in a linear programming model are allowed to have any values, including fractional values, that satisfy the functional and nonnegativity constraints. Thus, these variables are not restricted to just integer values. Since the number of airplanes purchased by TBA must have an integer value, the divisibility assumption is violated.

9. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.9 Spreadsheet Model

10. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.10 Integer Programming Formulation LetS = Number of small airplanes to purchase L = Number of large airplanes to purchase Maximize Profit = S + 5L ($millions) subject to Capital Available:5S + 50L ≤ 100 ($millions) Max Small Planes:S ≤ 2 and S ≥ 0, L ≥ 0 S, L are integers.

11. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.11 Think-Big Capital Budgeting Problem Think-Big Development Co. is a major investor in commercial real-estate development projects. They are considering three large construction projects –Construct a high-rise office building. –Construct a hotel. –Construct a shopping center. Each project requires each partner to make four investments: a down payment now, and additional capital after one, two, and three years. Question: At what fraction should Think-Big invest in each of the three projects?

12. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.12 Financial Data for the Projects Investment Capital Requirements YearOffice BuildingHotelShopping Center 0$40 million$80 million$90 million 160 million80 million50 million 290 million80 million20 million 310 million70 million60 million Net present value$45 million$70 million$50 million

13. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.13 Spreadsheet Formulation

14. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.14 Algebraic Formulation LetOB = Participation share in the office building, H = Participation share in the hotel, SC = Participation share in the shopping center. Maximize NPV = 45OB + 70H + 50SC subject to Total invested now:40OB + 80H + 90SC ≤ 25 ($million) Total invested within 1 year:100OB + 160H + 140SC ≤ 45 ($million) Total invested within 2 years:190OB + 240H + 160SC ≤ 65 ($million) Total invested within 3 years:200OB + 310H + 220SC ≤ 80 ($million) and OB ≥ 0, H ≥ 0, SC ≥ 0.

15. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.15 Template for Resource-Allocation Problems

16. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.16 Summary of Formulation Procedure for Resource- Allocation Problems 1.Identify the activities for the problem at hand. 2.Identify an appropriate overall measure of performance (commonly profit). 3.For each activity, estimate the contribution per unit of the activity to the overall measure of performance. 4.Identify the resources that must be allocated. 5.For each resource, identify the amount available and then the amount used per unit of each activity. 6.Enter the data in steps 3 and 5 into data cells. 7.Designate changing cells for displaying the decisions. 8.In the row for each resource, use SUMPRODUCT to calculate the total amount used. Enter <= and the amount available in two adjacent cells. 9.Designate a target cell. Use SUMPRODUCT to calculate this measure of performance.

17. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.17 Union Airways Personnel Scheduling Union Airways is adding more flights to and from its hub airport and so needs to hire additional customer service agents. The five authorized eight-hour shifts are –Shift 1:6:00 AM to 2:00 PM –Shift 2:8:00 AM to 4:00 PM –Shift 3:Noon to 8:00 PM –Shift 4:4:00 PM to midnight –Shift 5:10:00 PM to 6:00 AM Question: How many agents should be assigned to each shift?

18. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.18 Schedule Data Time Periods Covered by Shift Time Period12345 Minimum Number of Agents Needed 6 AM to 8 AM√48 8 AM to 10 AM√√79 10 AM to noon√√65 Noon to 2 PM√√√87 2 PM to 4 PM√√64 4 PM to 6 PM√√73 6 PM to 8 PM√√82 8 PM to 10 PM√43 10 PM to midnight√√52 Midnight to 6 AM√15 Daily cost per agent$170$160$175$180$195

19. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.19 Spreadsheet Formulation

20. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.20 Algebraic Formulation LetS i = Number working shift i (for i = 1 to 5), Minimize Cost = $170S 1 + $160S 2 + $175S 3 + $180S 4 + $195S 5 subject to Total agents 6AM–8AM:S 1 ≥ 48 Total agents 8AM–10AM:S 1 + S 2 ≥ 79 Total agents 10AM–12PM:S 1 + S 2 ≥ 65 Total agents 12PM–2PM:S 1 + S 2 + S 3 ≥ 87 Total agents 2PM–4PM:S 2 + S 3 ≥ 64 Total agents 4PM–6PM:S 3 + S 4 ≥ 73 Total agents 6PM–8PM:S 3 + S 4 ≥ 82 Total agents 8PM–10PM:S 4 ≥ 43 Total agents 10PM–12AM:S 4 + S 5 ≥ 52 Total agents 12AM–6AM:S 5 ≥ 15 and S i ≥ 0 (for i = 1 to 5)

21. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.21 Template for Cost-Benefit Tradoff Problems

22. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.22 Summary of Formulation Procedure for Cost-Benefit-Tradeoff Problems 1.Identify the activities for the problem at hand. 2.Identify an appropriate overall measure of performance (commonly cost). 3.For each activity, estimate the contribution per unit of the activity to the overall measure of performance. 4.Identify the benefits that must be achieved. 5.For each benefit, identify the minimum acceptable level and then the contribution of each activity to that benefit. 6.Enter the data in steps 3 and 5 into data cells. 7.Designate changing cells for displaying the decisions. 8.In the row for each benefit, use SUMPRODUCT to calculate the level achieved. Enter >= and the minimum acceptable level in two adjacent cells. 9.Designate a target cell. Use SUMPRODUCT to calculate this measure of performance.

23. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.23 Types of Functional Constraints TypeForm*Typical InterpretationMain Usage Resource constraintLHS ≤ RHS For some resource, Amount used ≤ Amount available Resource-allocation problems and mixed problems Benefit constraintLHS ≥ RHS For some benefit, Level achieved ≥ Minimum Acceptable Cost-benefit-trade-off problems and mixed problems Fixed-requirement constraint LHS = RHS For some quantity, Amount provided = Required amount Transportation problems and mixed problems * LHS = Left-hand side (a SUMPRODUCT function). RHS = Right-hand side (a constant).

24. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.24 Continuing the Super Grain Case Study David and Claire conclude that the spreadsheet model needs to be expanded to incorporate some additional considerations. In particular, they feel that two audiences should be targeted — young children and parents of young children. Two new goals –The advertising should be seen by at least five million young children. –The advertising should be seen by at least five million parents of young children. Furthermore, exactly $1,490,000 should be allocated for cents-off coupons.

25. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.25 Benefit and Fixed-Requirement Data Number Reached in Target Category (millions) Each TV Commercial Each Magazine Ad Each Sunday Ad Minimum Acceptable Level Young children1.20.105 Parents of young children0.50.2 5 Contribution Toward Required Amount Each TV Commercial Each Magazine Ad Each Sunday Ad Required Amount Coupon redemption0$40,000$120,000$1,490,000

26. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.26 Spreadsheet Formulation

27. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.27 Algebraic Formulation LetTV = Number of commercials for separate spots on television M = Number of advertisements in magazines. SS = Number of advertisements in Sunday supplements. Maximize Exposure = 1,300TV + 600M + 500SS subject to Ad Spending:300TV + 150M + 100SS ≤ 4,000 ($thousand) Planning Cost:90TV + 30M + 30SS ≤ 1,000 ($thousand) Number of TV Spots:TV ≤ 5 Young children:1.2TV + 0.1M ≥ 5 (millions) Parents:0.5TV + 0.2M + 0.2SS ≥ 5 (millions) Coupons:40M + 120SS = 1,490 ($thousand) and TV ≥ 0, M ≥ 0, SS ≥ 0.

28. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.28 Template for Mixed Problems

29. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.29 The Big M Transportation Problem The Big M Company produces a variety of heavy duty machinery at two factories. One of its products is a large turret lathe. Orders have been received from three customers for the turret lathe. Question: How many lathes should be shipped from each factory to each customer?

30. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.30 Some Data Shipping Cost for Each Lathe ToCustomer 1Customer 2Customer 3 FromOutput Factory 1$700$900$80012 lathes Factory 280090070015 lathes Order Size10 lathes8 lathes9 lathes

31. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.31 The Distribution Network

32. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.32 Spreadsheet Formulation

33. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.33 Algebraic Formulation LetS ij = Number of lathes to ship from i to j (i = F1, F2; j = C1, C2, C3). Minimize Cost = $700S F1-C1 + $900S F1-C2 + $800S F1-C3 + $800S F2-C1 + $900S F2-C2 + $700S F2-C3 subject to Factory 1:S F1-C1 + S F1-C2 + S F1-C3 = 12 Factory 2:S F2-C1 + S F2-C2 + S F2-C3 = 15 Customer 1:S F1-C1 + S F2-C1 = 10 Customer 2:S F1-C2 + S F2-C2 = 8 Customer 3:S F1-C3 + S F2-C3 = 9 and S ij ≥ 0 (i = F1, F2; j = C1, C2, C3).

34. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.34 Sellmore Company Assignment Problem The marketing manager of Sellmore Company will be holding the company’s annual sales conference soon. He is hiring four temporary employees: –Ann –Ian –Joan –Sean Each will handle one of the following four tasks: –Word processing of written presentations –Computer graphics for both oral and written presentations –Preparation of conference packets, including copying and organizing materials –Handling of advance and on-site registration for the conference Question: Which person should be assigned to which task?

35. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.35 Data for the Sellmore Problem Required Time per Task (Hours) Temporary Employee Word ProcessingGraphicsPacketsRegistrations Hourly Wage Ann35412740$14 Ian4745325112 Joan3956364313 Sean3251254615

36. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.36 Spreadsheet Formulation

37. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.37 The Model for Assignment Problems Given a set of tasks to be performed and a set of assignees who are available to perform these tasks, the problem is to determine which assignee should be assigned to each task. To fit the model for an assignment problem, the following assumptions need to be satisfied: 1.The number of assignees and the number of tasks are the same. 2.Each assignee is to be assigned to exactly one task. 3.Each task is to be performed by exactly one assignee. 4.There is a cost associated with each combination of an assignee performing a task. 5.The objective is to determine how all the assignments should be made to minimize the total cost.

38. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.38 Formulating an LP Spreadsheet Model Enter all of the data into the spreadsheet. Color code (blue). What decisions need to be made? Set aside a cell in the spreadsheet for each decision variable (changing cell). Color code (yellow with border). Write an equation for the objective in a cell. Color code (orange with heavy border). Put all three components (LHS, ≤/=/≥, RHS) of each constraint into three cells on the spreadsheet. Some Examples: –Production Planning –Diet / Blending –Workforce Scheduling –Transportation / Distribution –Assignment

39. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.39 LP Example #1 (Product Mix) The Quality Furniture Corporation produces benches and picnic tables. The firm has a limited supply of two resources: labor and wood. 1,600 labor hours are available during the next production period. The firm also has a stock of 9,000 pounds of wood available. Each bench requires 3 labor hours and 12 pounds of wood. Each table requires 6 labor hours and 38 pounds of wood. The profit margin on each bench is $8 and on each table is $18. Question: What product mix will maximize their total profit?

40. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.40 Algebraic Formulation LetB = Number of benches to produce, T = Number of tables to produce. Maximize Profit = $8B + $18T subject to Labor:3B + 6T ≤ 1,600 hours Wood:12B + 38T ≤ 9,000 pounds and B ≥ 0, T ≥ 0.

41. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.41 Spreadsheet Formulation

42. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.42 LP Example #2 (Diet Problem) A prison is trying to decide what to feed its prisoners. They would like to offer some combination of milk, beans, and oranges. Their goal is to minimize cost, subject to meeting the minimum nutritional requirements imposed by law. The cost and nutritional contents of each food, along with the minimum nutritional requirements are shown below. Milk (gallons) Navy Beans (cups) Oranges (large Calif. Valencia) Minimum Daily Requirement Niacin (mg)3.24.90.813.0 Thiamin (mg)1.121.30.191.5 Vitamin C (mg)3209345 Cost ($)2.000.200.25 Question: What should the diet for each prisoner be?

43. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.43 Algebraic Formulation Letx 1 = gallons of milk per prisoner, x 2 = cups of beans per prisoner, x 3 = number of oranges per prisoner. Minimize Cost = $2.00x 1 + $0.20x 2 + $0.25x 3 subject to Niacin:3.2x 1 + 4.9x 2 + 0.8x 3 ≥ 13 mg Thiamin:1.12x 1 + 1.3x 2 + 0.19x 3 ≥ 1.5 mg Vitamin C:32x 1 + 93x 3 ≥ 45 mg and x 1 ≥ 0, x 2 ≥ 0, x 3 ≥ 0.

44. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.44 Spreadsheet Formulation

45. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.45 George Dantzig’s Diet Stigler (1945) “The Cost of Subsistence” –heuristic solution. Cost = $39.93. Dantzig invents the simplex method (1947) –Stigler’s problem “solved” in 120 man days. Cost = $39.69. Dantzig goes on a diet (early 1950’s), applies diet model: –≤ 1,500 calories –objective: maximize (weight minus water content) –500 food types Initial solutions had problems –500 gallons of vinegar –200 bouillon cubes For more details, see July-Aug 1990 Interfaces article “The Diet Problem”

46. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.46 Least-Cost Menu Planning Models in Food Systems Management Used in many institutions with feeding programs: hospitals, nursing homes, schools, prisons, etc. Menu planning often extends to a sequence of meals or a cycle. Variety important (separation constraints). Preference ratings (related to service frequency). Side constraints (color, categories, etc.) Generally models have reduced cost about 10%, met nutritional requirements better, and increased customer satisfaction compared to traditional methods. USDA uses these models to plan food stamp allotment. For more details, see Sept-Oct 1992 Interfaces article “The Evolution of the Diet Model in Managing Food Systems”

47. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.47 LP Example #3 (Scheduling Problem) An airline reservations office is open to take reservations by telephone 24 hours per day, Monday through Friday. The number of reservation agents needed for each time period is shown below. A union contract requires that all employees work 8 consecutive hours. Question: How many reservation agents should work each 8-hour shift? Time Period Number of Agents Needed 12am – 4am11 4am – 8am15 8am – 12pm31 12pm – 4pm17 4pm – 8pm25 8pm – 12am19

48. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.48 Algebraic Formulation Letx 1 = agents who work 12am – 8am, x 2 = agents who work 4am – 12pm, x 3 = agents who work 8am – 4pm, x 4 = agents who work 12pm – 8pm, x 5 = agents who work 4pm – 12am, x 6 = agents who work 8pm – 4am. Minimize Number of agents = x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 + x 6 subject to 12am–4am:x 1 + x 6 ≥ 11 4am–8am:x 1 + x 2 ≥ 15 8am–12pm:x 2 + x 3 ≥ 31 12pm–4pm:x 3 + x 4 ≥ 17 4pm–8pm:x 4 + x 5 ≥ 25 8pm–12am:x 5 + x 6 ≥ 19 and x 1 ≥ 0, x 2 ≥ 0, x 3 ≥ 0, x 4 ≥ 0, x 5 ≥ 0, x 6 ≥ 0.

49. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.49 Spreadsheet Formulation

50. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.50 Workforce Scheduling at United Airlines United employs 5,000 reservation and customer service agents. Some part-time (2-8 hour shifts), some full-time (8-10 hour shifts). Workload varies greatly over day. Modeled problem as LP: –Decision variables: how many employees of each shift length should begin at each potential start time (half-hour intervals). –Constraints: minimum required employees for each half-hour. –Objective: minimize cost. Saved United about $6 million annually, improved customer service, still in use today. For more details, see Jan-Feb 1986 Interfaces article “United Airlines Station Manpower Planning System”

51. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.51 LP Example #4 (Transportation Problem) A company has two plants producing a certain product that is to be shipped to three distribution centers. The unit production costs are the same at the two plants, and the shipping cost per unit is shown below. Shipments are made once per week. During each week, each plant produces at most 60 units and each distribution center needs at least 40 units. Distribution Center 123 Plant A$4$6$4 B$6$5$2 Question: How many units should be shipped from each plant to each distribution center?

52. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.52 Algebraic Formulation Letx ij = units to ship from plant i to distribution center j (i = A, B; j = 1, 2, 3), Minimize Cost = $4x A1 + $6x A2 + $4x A3 + $6x B1 + $5x B2 + $2x B3 subject to Plant A:x A1 + x A2 + x A3 ≤ 60 Plant B:x B1 + x B2 + x B3 ≤ 60 Distribution Center 1:x A1 + x B1 ≥ 40 Distribution Center 2:x A2 + x B2 ≥ 40 Distribution Center 3:x A3 + x B3 ≥ 40 and x ij ≥ 0 (i = A, B; j = 1, 2, 3).

53. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.53 Spreadsheet Formulation

54. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.54 Distribution System at Proctor and Gamble Proctor and Gamble needed to consolidate and re-design their North American distribution system in the early 1990’s. –50 product categories –60 plants –15 distribution centers –1000 customer zones Solved many transportation problems (one for each product category). Goal: find best distribution plan, which plants to keep open, etc. Closed many plants and distribution centers, and optimized their product sourcing and distribution location. Implemented in 1996. Saved $200 million per year. For more details, see 1997 Jan-Feb Interfaces article, “Blending OR/MS, Judgement, and GIS: Restructuring P&G’s Supply Chain”

55. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.55 LP Example #5 (Assignment Problem) The coach of a swim team needs to assign swimmers to a 200-yard medley relay team (four swimmers, each swims 50 yards of one of the four strokes). Since most of the best swimmers are very fast in more than one stroke, it is not clear which swimmer should be assigned to each of the four strokes. The five fastest swimmers and their best times (in seconds) they have achieved in each of the strokes (for 50 yards) are shown below. BackstrokeBreaststrokeButterflyFreestyle Carl37.743.433.329.2 Chris32.933.128.526.4 David33.842.238.929.6 Tony37.034.730.428.5 Ken35.441.833.631.1 Question: How should the swimmers be assigned to make the fastest relay team?

56. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.56 Algebraic Formulation Letx ij = 1 if swimmer i swims stroke j; 0 otherwise t ij = best time of swimmer i in stroke j Minimize Time = ∑ i ∑ j t ij x ij subject to each stroke swum:∑ i x ij = 1 for each stroke j each swimmer swims 1:∑ j x ij ≤ 1 for each swimmer i and x ij ≥ 0 for all i and j.

57. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 3.57 Spreadsheet Formulation