1. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography
Chapter 11: Industry
The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

2. why do geographers care about industry?
Geography and Industry
Location…Location…Location
Most important is the spatial relationship between raw material, market, and site factors
Read Case Study p. 344: “Maquiladoras in Mexico”

3. Key Issue 1: Where is industry distributed?
Origins of Industry
Industrial Regions

4. Where is Industry Distributed?
Origin of industry
Industrial Revolution: A technological transformation of production and transportation associated with the abundant power from steam engines
Originated in N. England and S. Scotland in the 18thC.
Diffused during the 19th to the rest of Europe and N. America and to other regions during the 20th C.
The root of the Industrial Revolution was the development of several inventions that transformed the way goods were manufactured, creating an unprecedented expansion in productivity
A higher standard of living was the result
The Industrial Revolution was cited as the cause for the population growth into Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition

5. Where is Industry Distributed?
The single most important invention for factories was the steam engine, invented by James Watt

6. Child Laborers in Coal mines
First steam engine pulling a coal car
Child Laborers in Coal mines

7. Where is Industry Distributed?
Cottage industries to the Industrial Revolution
Impact of the Industrial Revolution was especially great on iron, coal, transportation, textiles, chemicals, and food processing

8. Industrial regions in Europe
United Kingdom: dominated production of steel and textiles in the 19th C. Expanded in the late 20th C. into high tech
Rhine-Ruhr Valley: (Germany) Close proximity to large coal fields, enabling access to iron and steel production which in turn spurred the establishment of heavy metal industries- railroad and armements. Close to the mouth of the Rhine River as it flows to the North Sea.
Mid-Rhine: (Germany and France)Western Europe’s most important industrial area. German technology and French resources- Mercedes-Benz and Audi located in Mannheim
Po Basin: (Italy) Southern Europe’s oldest and most important industrial area. Initially textile manufacturing- Two key assets: hydroelectricity from The Alps and cheap labor

9. Industrial Areas in Europe
Figure 11-4

10. North America’s Industrial areas
New England: Oldest industrial area in the US- Cotton textiles
Middle Atlantic: Largest US industrial market. Close proximity to markets and consumers as well as communication and financial centers.
Mohawk Valley: Industrial belt along the Hudson River in Upper New York State. Close the Erie Canal and Lake Erie – Steel processing, Aluminum and paper with abundant electricity from Niagara Falls
Pittsburgh-Lake Erie, Western Great Lakes, Proximity to Appalachian coal and iron ore. The hub of the nation’s transportation network. (See Map)

11. Industrial Areas in North America
Figure 11-5

12. East Asia’s Industrial areas
Japan: Became an Industrial power after WWII. Under-sold competitors with cheaper labor and abundant supplies of consumer goods – Cars, stereos and televisions. With competition high from other Asian markets, Japan trained workers for highly specialized and skilled jobs
China: Low cost labor, the world’s largest manufacturer of textiles and apparel, and household products.

13. Industrial Regions
Figure 11-3

14. Key Issue 2: Why are situation factors important?
Proximity to Inputs
Proximity to Markets
Ship, Rail, Truck, or Air?

15. Proximity to inputs Bulk-reducing industries Examples:
An Industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final product
To minimize cost an industry will locate near the source of inputs
Cost and location consideration is location of Energy
Examples:
Copper: Bulk Reducing
1. Mining
2. Concentration
3. Smelting
Steel: Changing Inputs
1 Iron Ore
2. Coal
Figure 11-8

16. Proximity to markets Bulk-gaining industries
Bulk Gaining Industry makes something that gains volume or weight during production
To minimize cost Bulk Gaining will locate close to where it is sold
Examples:
Fabricated metals
Machinery
Motor Vehicles
Located in the interior of the U.S. between Michigan and Alabama: The “Auto Alley”
Beverage production
Beverages (Beer and Soft Drinks)
Single-market manufacturers
Specialized Manufacturing
Parts for Motor Vehicles
Perishable products
Milk, Bread,
Figure 11-10

17. Ship, rail, truck, or air?
The farther something is transported, the lower the cost per km/mile
Cost decreases at different rates for each of the four modes
Truck = most often for short-distance travel
Train = used to ship longer distances (1 day +)
Ship = slow, but very low cost per km/mile
Air = most expensive, but very fast
Modes of delivery are often mixed
Large containers facilitate the timely transfer between modes
Cost rises each time transfers are facilitated
Break-of-Bulk Point is a location for many companies who use multiple modes where transfer of transportation modes is possible, such as a sea port, or an airport

18. Key Issue 3: Why are site factors important? Labor * Land * capital

19. Labor The most important site factor Labor-intensive industries
Workers and Labor
Labor-intensive industries
An industry where wages and
other employee compensations constitutes a high percentage of expenses.
Examples: textiles
Textile and apparel spinning
Treatment of fiber to create yarn from natural or human made material
Textile and apparel weaving
Weaving or knitting of yarn into fabric
Textile and apparel assembly
Cutting and sewing of fabric; assembly into clothing and other products

20. Textile and apparel spinning
Fibers can be spun from natural or synthetic elements
Principal natural fiber is cotton
Labor intensive industry done in low wage countries
China produces 2/3 of the world’s cotton thread.
Synthetics include regenerated synthetics (natural raw materials modified to produce fibers for weaving),
True synthetics are processed from substances like petrochemicals that do not naturally form fibers.
Nylon: the first synthetic fiber produced from petroleum
Polyester: the leading synthetic fiber

21. Cotton Yarn Production
Figure 11-16

22. Textile and apparel weaving
Weaving is an ancient art: two sets of thread places at right angles from each other
Warp: Thread strung lengthwise on the loom or frame
Weft: Thread crossing the warp thread
Shuttle: Tool used to carry the weft over and under the warp.
Traditional weavers were men
Mechanized weaving is clustered today in low wage countries far from the apparel market
The low wages in China and India, offset the high shipping costs to European and North American markets (China- 60% of fabric, India – 30% of fabric)

23. Woven Cotton Fabric Production
Figure 11-17

24. Textile and apparel Manufacturing
Sewing: activity older than spinning and weaving
Original sewing done with individual needles made from animal horn, and eventually iron.
First sewing machine built in France (1830) by Barthelemy Thimonnier. 8o of them were installed in a factory to sew the uniforms of the French army.
Tailors, fearing loss of income, stormed the factory and destroyed the machines.
Isaac Singer credited with creating the first US machine in 1850s
Textiles assembled into four main types of products: garments, carpets, home products, and industrial items
MDCs are where most of the assembly occurs because most consumers of textiles live in MDCs.
2/3 of women’s blouses are sewn in MDCs

25. Production of Women’s Blouses
Figure 11-18

26. Land & Capital Rural sites Environmental factors Capital
Early factories were multistoried buildings in cities
Modern factories are single story buildings on the out-skirts of cities
Environmental factors
Early factories were located near rivers
Modern factories often take into account other sources of power
Capital
Borrowed money to finance industry is important for LDCs and MDCs
Figure 11-20

27. Key Issue 4: Why are location factors changing?
Attraction of New Industrial Regions
Renewed Attraction of Traditional Industrial Regions

28. Attraction of new industrial regions
Changing industrial distribution within MDCs
To minimize labor costs some manufacturers are locating to places where wage rates are lower than in traditional industrial regions
Interregional shift within the United States
Shift from the North-east to the South and West
Right-to-work laws: the law requires a factory to maintain an “open shop” and prohibits a “closed shop.” Closed shop mean only union employees may work in the factory.
Southern States; more difficult for unions to organize and develop collective bargaining
Textile production
Early 20th century New York’s garment district housed a large percentage of textile and apparel industry
Moved to the south in the mid 20th Century for lower wages

29. Changing U.S. Manufacturing
Figure 11-21

30. Manufacturers of Men’s and Women’s Socks and Hosiery
Figure 11-22

31. Attraction of new industrial regions
Interregional shifts in Europe
Support and assistance from the European Union to industries willing to relocate to economically distressed peripheral areas
Diffused from traditional Northwestern European industrial centers
Convergence shifts
Primarily eastern and southern Europe where incomes are lower
Competitive and employment regions
Primarily Western Europe’s traditional core industrial areas which have experienced job loss in recent years

32. European Union Structural Funds
Figure 11-23

33. Attraction of new industrial regions
International shifts in industry since 1970
East Asia
Includes China, Japan, and S. Korea (a leading producer of steel and fabricated metal products including motor vehicles)
South Asia
India, with one of the fastest growing economies leads the world in textile manufacturing. Motor vehicle production is on the rise.
Latin America
Low wage region in Mexico
Maquiladora plants have located in Mexico’s North to be near the U.S., Mexico’s largest market
Changing distributions
Steel manufacturing and textiles has been most impacted by new locations due to cheaper markets other than the U.S. and Europe
Outsourcing
Despite transportation costs MDCs can profitably transfer much of the steps of manufacturing to low paid, less skilled workers in LDCs

34. World Steel Production
Figure 11-24

35. Global Production
Figure 11-25

36. Apparel Production and Jobs in the United States
Figure 11-26

37. attraction to traditional regions
The reason for renewed attraction is Proximity to skilled labor and Rapid Delivery to market
Fordist, or mass production (pioneered by Henry Ford)
Each worker was assigned a specific task to perform repeatedly
Most workers did not need an education or skill specialization to do their job
Post-Fordist, or lean production (pioneered by Toyota)
Workers are placed in teams and told to figure out a variety of tasks
A problem is addressed through arriving at consensus
Workers in a factory are treated alike and managers don’t get special treatment
Just-in-time delivery
A type of industry that delivers goods frequently (daily, or hourly)
It saves time for management by eliminating wasteful inventory
Two types of disruptions can occur with “Just In Time” delivery:
Labor unrest, or an Act of God

38. Electronic Computing Manufacturing
Figure 11-28

39. Women’s and Girls’ Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing
Figure 11-29

40. The End.
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