1. © Amir Kirsh Object Oriented Programming with Java Written by Amir Kirsh

2. Agenda All that is to know on class syntax Constructors and Initializers Inheritance and Polymorphism Interfaces Nested Classes Enums Exercise

3. 3 Classes and Objects A class will look like this: class MyClass { // field, constructor, and method declarations } To instantiate an object we will do: MyClass instance = new MyClass( );

4. 4 Accessibility Options Example: public class Person { private String name; protected java.util.Date birthDate; String id; // default accessibility = package public Person() {} } Four accessibility options: –public –(default) = “package” ** –protected * –private *protected is also accessible by package **called also “package-private” or “package-friendly”

5. 5 Static Example: public class Widget { static private int counter; static public getCounter() {return counter;} } int number = Widget.getCounter(); Static member can be accessed without an instance (same as in C++) Called sometimes “ class variable ” as opposed to “ instance variable ”

6. 6 The ‘this’ keyword Example: public class Point { private int x, y; public Point(int x, int y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; } In Java ‘ this ’ is a reference to myself (in C++ it is a pointer … ) The ‘ this ’ keyword is also used to call another constructor of the same class – we will see that later

7. 7 Defining constants Example: public class Thingy { public final static doodad = 6; // constant public final id; // constant variable public Thingy(int id) {this.id = id;} // OK // public set(int id) {this.id = id;} // error! } Though const is a reserved word in Java it's actually not in use! However the final keyword let's you define constants and const variables

8. Agenda All that is to know on class syntax Constructors and Initializers Inheritance and Polymorphism Interfaces Nested Classes Enums Exercise

9. 9 Constructors Examples in following slides… –Constructors in Java are very similar to C++ –You can overload constructors (like any other method) –A constructor which doesn't get any parameter is called “ empty constructor ” –You may prefer not to have a constructor at all, in which case it is said that you have by default an “ empty constructor ” –A constructor can call another constructor of the same class using the ‘ this ’ keyword –Calling another constructor can be done only as the first instruction of the calling constructor

10. 10 Constructors Example 1: public class Person { String name = ""; // fields can be initialized! Date birthDate = new Date(); public Person() {} // empty constructor public Person(String name, Date birthDate) { this(name); // must be first instruction this.birthDate = birthDate; } public Person(String name) { this.name = name; }

11. 11 Constructors Example 2: public class Person { String name = ""; Date birthDate = new Date(); public Person(String name, Date birthDate) { this.name = name; this.birthDate = birthDate; } Person p; // OK p = new Person(); // not good – compilation error

12. 12 Initializer Initializer is a block of instructions performed right after the fields creation and before calling the constructor A class does not have to have an initializer and indeed it usually doesn't Example: public class Thingy { String s; // the block underneath is an initializer {s="Hello"; } } Usually initializer would do a more complex job …

13. 13 Static Initializer Static initializer is a block of instructions performed the first time a class is loaded Static initializer may be useful to perform a one time initializations of static members Example: public class Thingy { static String s; // the block underneath is a static initializer static {s="Hello"; } } Usually static initializer would do a more complex job …

14. Agenda All that is to know on class syntax Constructors and Initializers Inheritance and Polymorphism Interfaces Nested Classes Enums Exercise

15. 15 Inheritance Some Terms A class that is derived from another class is called a subclass (also a derived class, extended class, or child class). The class from which the subclass is derived is called a superclass (also a base class or a parent class). Excepting java.lang.Object, which has no superclass, every class has exactly one and only one direct superclass (single inheritance). In the absence of any other explicit superclass, every class is implicitly a subclass of Object. A class is said to be descended from all the classes in its inheritance chain stretching back to Object.

16. 16 Inheritance Examples in following slides… –Class Object is the ancestor base class of all classes in Java –There is no multiple inheritance in Java –Inheritance is always “ public ” thus type is not stated (no private or protected inheritance as in C++) –Class can implement several interfaces (contracts) –Class can be abstract –Access to base class is done using the super keyword –Constructor may send parameters to its base using the ‘ super ’ keyword as its first instruction –If the base class does not have an empty constructor then the class is required to pass parameters to its super

17. 17 Inheritance Example 1: public class Person { private String name; public Person(String name) { this.name = name; } // Override toString in class Object public String toString() { return name; }

18. 18 Inheritance Example 1 (cont’) : public class Employee extends Person { private Employee manager; public Employee(String name, Employee manager) { super(name); // must be first this.manager = manager; } // Override toString in class Person public String toString() { return super.toString() + (manager!=null? ", reporting to: " + manager : " - I'm the big boss!"); }

19. 19 Inheritance Example 2: abstract public class Shape { // private Color line = Color.Black; // private Color fill = Color.White; public Shape() {} /* public Shape(Color line, Color fill) { this.line = line; this.fill = fill; } */ abstract public void draw(); abstract public boolean isPointInside(Point p); }

20. 20 Inheritance Example 2 (cont’) : public class Circle extends Shape { private Point center; private double radius; public Circle(Point center, double radius) { this.center = center; this.radius = radius; } public void draw() {…} // use Graphics or Graphics2d public boolean isPointInside(Point p) { return (p.distance(center) < radius); }

21. 21 Inheritance Example: abstract public class Shape { … final public void setFillColor(Color color) { } } The final keyword is used to forbid a method from being override in derived classes Above is relevant when implementing a generic algorithm in the base class, and it allows the JVM to linkage the calls to the method more efficiently The final keyword can also be used on a class to prevent the class from being subclassed at all of course, final and abstract don‘t go together (why?)

22. Agenda All that is to know on class syntax Constructors and Initializers Inheritance and Polymorphism Interfaces Nested Classes Enums Exercise

23. 23 Interfaces Examples in following slides… –Interface is a contract –An interface can contain method signatures (methods without implementation) and static constants –Interface cannot be instantiated, it can only be implemented by classes and extended by other interfaces –Interface that do not include any method signature is called a marker interface –Class can implement several interfaces (contracts) –Class can announce on implementing an interface, without really implementing all of the declared methods, but then the class must be abstract

24. 24 Interfaces Example 1 – using interface Comparable: // a generic max function static public Object max(Comparable... comparables) { int length = comparables.length; if(length == 0) { return null; } Comparable max = comparables[0]; for(int i=1; i<length; i++) { if(max.compareTo(comparables[i]) < 0) { max = comparables[i]; } return max; } // calling the function can go like this: String maxStr = (String) max("hello", "world", "!!!");

25. 25 Interfaces Example 2 – supporting foreach on our own type: public interface Iterable { Iterator iterator(); } // example public interface Collection extends Iterable { … Iterator iterator(); … } Exercise: Write class NewString that will allow iterating over its chars using "foreach" To have your own class support iterating, using the "foreach“ syntax, the class should implement the interface Iterable :

26. 26 Interfaces Example 3 – supporting clone on our own type: public interface Cloneable {} Exercise: Implement clone for class Person To have your own class support the clone method the class should implement the marker interface Cloneable :

27. 27 Interfaces Example 4 – new IHaveName interface: public interface IHaveName { String getName(); } Exercise: Create the IHaveName interface and let class Person implement it To allow name investigation we want to create a new IHaveName interface:

28. Agenda All that is to know on class syntax Constructors and Initializers Inheritance and Polymorphism Interfaces Nested Classes Enums Exercise

29. 29 Nested Classes Examples in following slides… Nested Classes are divided into two categories: static and non-static. Nested classes that are declared static are simply called static nested classes Non-static nested classes are called inner classes Inner classes that are defined without having their own name are called anonymous classes

30. 30 Nested Classes Example 1: public class OuterClass { private int a; static public class InnerStaticClass { public int b; } public class InnerClass { public void setA(int a1) { a = a1; // we have access to a !!! }

31. 31 Nested Classes Example 1 (cont’) : OuterClass.InnerStaticClass obj1 = new OuterClass.InnerStaticClass(); OuterClass.InnerClass obj2 = new OuterClass().new InnerClass(); obj2.setA(3); // we modify a of OuterClass!!!

32. 32 Nested Classes Example 2 – anonymous class: public interface IHaveName { String getName(); } void someFunction(IHaveName someoneWithName) { System.out.println(someoneWithName.getName()); } public static void main(String[] args) { someFunction(new IHaveName() { public String getName() { return "Momo"; } }); }

33. Agenda All that is to know on class syntax Constructors and Initializers Inheritance and Polymorphism Interfaces Nested Classes Enums Exercise

34. 34 Enums Examples in following slides… Structure for Constant Enumeration Not an integer! - May represent data (= have fields) - May implement methods (member and static) Automatically extends the Enum abstract type Cannot extend other Classes or Enums, but can implement interfaces Cannot be extended (Enums are final)

35. 35 Enums Example 1: public class Card { public enum Rank { DEUCE, THREE, FOUR, FIVE, SIX, SEVEN, EIGHT, NINE, TEN, JACK, QUEEN, KING, ACE } public enum Suit { CLUBS, DIAMONDS, HEARTS, SPADES } private final Rank rank; private final Suit suit; private Card(Rank rank, Suit suit) { this.rank = rank; this.suit = suit; } …

36. 36 Enums Example 1 (cont’) : public class Card { … public String toString() { return rank + " of " + suit; } private static final List _deck = new ArrayList (); // Initialize the static deck static { for (Suit suit : Suit.values()) for (Rank rank : Rank.values()) _deck.add(new Card(rank, suit)); } public static ArrayList newDeck() { // Return copy of prototype deck return new ArrayList (_deck); } }

37. 37 Enums Example 2: public enum Operation { PLUS, MINUS, TIMES, DIVIDE; // Do arithmetic op represented by this constant double eval(double x, double y) { switch(this) { case PLUS: return x + y; case MINUS: return x - y; case TIMES: return x * y; case DIVIDE: return x / y; } throw new AssertionError("Unknown op: " + this); }

38. 38 Enums Example 3: public enum Operation { PLUS { double eval(double x, double y) { return x + y; } }, MINUS { double eval(double x, double y) { return x - y; } }, TIMES { double eval(double x, double y) { return x * y; } }, DIVIDE { double eval(double x, double y) { return x / y; } }; // Do arithmetic op represented by this constant abstract double eval(double x, double y); }

39. Agenda All that is to know on class syntax Constructors and Initializers Inheritance and Polymorphism Interfaces Nested Classes Enums Exercise

40. 40 Exercise 1 This exercise is called the Object Oriented Rectangles game. Get from the command line the coordinates of two rectangles. The “winning rectangle” is set according to these rules: If a rectangle is contained (even partially) in the other, the contained (=inner) rectangle wins If no one contains the other, the bigger by both area and perimeter wins If no one is bigger by both area and perimeter, we have a tie Example Rectangle A: 1 1 10 10 (which means: x1=1, y1=1, x2=10, y2=10) Rectangle B: 5 5 10 10 (which means: x1=5, y1=5, x2=10, y2=10) The winner is Rectangle B (contained in A!)

41. 41 Exercise 2 Write the necessary classes to support the following main: static public void main(String[] args) { Expression e = new Sum( new Exponent( new Number(2.0), new Number(3.0)), new Sum( new Number(1.0), new Number(-3.0))); System.out.println(e + " = " + e.evaluate()); }

42. 42 That concludes this chapter amirk at mta ac il