1. P51UST: Unix and Software Tools Unix and Software Tools (P51UST) Compilers, Interpreters and Debuggers Ruibin Bai (Room AB326) Division of Computer Science The University of Nottingham Ningbo, China

2. Introduction The role of language translators Compilers and Interpreters The Java Virtual Machine Debugging –Using print statements to debug a program –Basic functions performed by a debugger

3. The role of language translators Programming languages have evolved to make programming easier for humans Computers still execute machine code Language translators are required to translate between the two A new translator is required for each combination of programming language and machine-code

4. Translation involves several tasks –translating high level program statements into combinations of machine code instructions –translating high level data structures into combinations of memory locations –linking to existing code (libraries, modules, objects, system calls) to form a final program Two broad approaches to translation – compilation and interpretation The role of language translators (2)

5. Compilers A compiler translates text written in a computer language (the source language) into another computer language (the target language). Is primarily used for programs that translate source code from a high-level programming language to a lower level language (e.g., assembly language or machine language). A compiler is likely to perform many or all of the following operations: –lexical analysis, –preprocessing, –parsing/semantic analysis, –code generation, and –code optimization.

6. Interpreters One statement is translated and then executed at a time Start at the beginning of the program REPEAT translate next program statement if no translation error occurred then execute the statement UNTIL the end of the program or an error occurs

7. Compilers: Pros and Cons Pros: –Enable programmers to write human-readable code with a richer set of instructions –Program execution is fast –Compiled programs can be run more than once without re-compilation –Programs can be compiled for different platforms Cons: –To run on a different platform, code has to be recompiled

8. Interpreters: Pros and Cons Pros: –No need to compile before running the program; program can just be run straight away –Program can be run on different platforms without recompiling (provided an interpreter is available for that platform) Cons: –Program execution is slower than with compiled code

9. Java Virtual Machine Until the advent of Java, the trend for programming was moving away from interpreted languages and towards compiled languages –Software interpreters are complex and so run slowly Java takes a new approach…

10. Java Virtual Machine (2) Java is compiled into a standard machine language called Bytecode This standard machine language is then interpreted by a software interpreter, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) –JVM takes Bytecode and executes it –Bytecode is not the standard machine language for any specific hardware processor –Any machine which has a JVM can run the compiled Java program

11. Advantages of JVM Because Java is compiled before being interpreted it runs more quickly than standard interpreted languages BUT, Java is also portable because the platform it is compiled for is available for lots of different machine architectures –Java therefore does not need to be recompiled to run on different types of machine

12. Debugging

13. A program fails a test case (or a bug is reported). A programmer is given the test case and the associated source code and “debugs” the program until the fault has been corrected. The program, having been fixed, no longer exhibits the failure. The hard part is locating the problem!!

14. Bridging the Gap One problem with faults is that they are not necessarily located “near” their associated failure. We need to “bring the failure close to the fault”. The simplest way to do this is with print statements.

15. Using print Statements Your program has compiled but crashes when it runs. What should you do? –Sprinkle print statements throughout your program and see how many are executed. Your program runs but is printing the wrong answer. What should you do? –Use print statements to print out the values of your internal variables. See which give you the right answer and which give you the wrong answer.

16. A Buggy awk Program x = 10 while (x > 5) { x++ } print $x

17. Program with print Statements x = 10 print "Got past initialisation\n" while (x > 5) { print "Entered while loop\n" x++ print "incremented x\n" } print "Exited while loop\n" print $x

18. Output of Buggy Program $ awkInfinite.sh Got past initialisation Entered while Loop incremented x Entered while Loop incremented x Entered while Loop incremented x Entered while Loop incremented x

19. More Print Statements x = 10 print "Got past initialisation\n" while (x > 5) { print "Entered while Loop\n" print $x ”\n" x++ print "incremented x\n“ print $x ”\n” } print "Exited while loop\n" print $x

20. More Output $ awkInfinite.sh Got past initialisation Entered while Loop 10 incremented x 11 Entered while Loop 11 incremented x 12

21. Debugging Tools A debugger allows a programmer to monitor the internal state of a program while it is executing (saves putting in and taking out print statements). Two types of debugger –Interpretive –Direct Execution

22. Types of Debuggers Interpretive Debuggers –work by reading a program and simulating its execution one line at a time. Direct Execution Debuggers –work by running the actual program in a special mode where the debugger can read and write the program’s memory.

23. Interpretive Vs. Direct Execution Debuggers Interpretive Debuggers –Easier to program –Safer, a program cannot crash the machine (just the debugger). Direct Execution –Faster –More accurate, the actual program instructions are being executed

24. Two Styles of Use Line-at-a-time –A programmer loads the program into the debugger and “steps” through the program one line at a time. –The debugger stops the program after each line and gives the programmer a chance to check the program’s variables to see if it is operating correctly.

25. Two Styles of Use (2) Breakpoints –A Programmer loads a program into the debugger and specifies “breakpoints” at various locations in the program. –The program runs until it hits a breakpoint.

26. How are Breakpoints Useful? If you think you have function that might have a fault. –Set a breakpoint at the beginning of the function. –Set another breakpoint at the end of the function. –If a program’s data is correct at the beginning of the function but incorrect at the end, then there is a fault in the function. –They also allow you to skip over “init” code and debugged code quickly; letting the programmer focus on finding the fault.

27. Editing Variables Debuggers let the programmer explore “what-if” scenarios: –You can execute a program to a certain point, and then alter the values of the program’s variables. –So you can explore unusual cases. –Plus, if a bug occurs, you can correct an incorrect value and see how far the program goes before it encounters another fault.

28. Summary Using a debugger is more flexible than print statements. Debuggers can be used to step through code or to run until some breakpoint. They also let you view the values of variables. They take a bit of getting used to but are usually well worth the time invested.