1. The Protestant Reformation

3. Basic ideas of the Protestant Reformation
Justification by Faith Alone
Rejection of Papal Authority
Clergy less important to faith and salvation
Reduction of the Number of Sacraments to two (baptism and communion)
Bible is the only source of truth
Printing Press = spread of ideas

4. Lutheranism
Martin Luther was a spiritually uneasy man even though he was a monk of 40 years
Introduced the idea of Justification of Faith
Indulgences pushed him to attempt to reform the catholic church

5. Lutheranism Martin Luther’s 95 Theses--Posted on the door of a church
individuals should be able to read the bible and make their own interpretations
Ordered by pope to recant; Charles V summoned Luther to the Diet of Worms.
Banished from the H.R.E., he hid out with various German Princes

7. His ideas led to social, political and religious revolution throughout Europe
Peasant rebellions erupted, Luther was horrified—he wasn’t a social revolutionary
Luther became more conservative, emphasized need for established clergy, obedience to the state (only internal spiritual freedom, not external freedom)

8. Local German princes had a strong material interest in the growth of Lutheranism—they could take over church lands
League of Schmalkald—German princes, imperial free cities against emperor.
France allied with German Princes-- wanted to keep Germany religiously divided
Charles V (H.R.E.) was being threatened by Turks & French. Appealed to pope to call a council but popes ignored request—a generation of Lutherans
grew up
Diet of Augsburg 1530—all Lutherans forced to convert
War broke out between the League and Charles V-- League prevailed, victory for Lutheranism

9. Peace of Augsburg
1555
All states in H.R.E could choose their own religion (either Lutheranism or Calvinism)
Bishops who turned Lutheran had to leave their land to Catholic church
Furthered fragmentation of H.R.E./German States

10. Calvinism
Felt that life was chaotic = basis of many of Calvin's extreme ideas
Predestination-People are already chosen for salvation
Hard work was evidence of God’s chosen few = Puritan work ethic
Church is above the state
No bishops; church to be governed by elected bodies

11. Calvinism Creation of religiously governed communities Not secular
Church regulated by bible
Calvin was strict about being obedient to God, no frivolity
No transubstantiation or consubstantiation, God was only spiritually present during communion
Geneva (“Protestant Rome”)

12. Differences: Overview
Calvinism more strictly religious, very harsh, dependent upon order (not as much in Lutheranism)
Calvinism rejected Bishops in the clergy
The foundation of Calvinism was predestination unlike Lutheranism
Opposite in terms of State controlling church (Luther) or church controlling state (Calvin)

13. Martin Luther Vs John Calvin
Church control over state
No Bishops
Predestination
Strict and perfectionist
Not secular
Justification by faith
Bible only source of truth
Reduction of sacraments
Less clergy
State control over church
Kept Bishops
Do not have to be perfect
Did not want social revolution

14. English Reformation
Henry VIII was originally dubbed “Defender of the Faith by the pope in 1520 for his Defense of the Seven Sacraments
Wanted an annulment from Catherine of Aragon (Charles V’s aunt) and pope would not grant

15. 1534 he passed Act of Supremacy in which he declared himself “Protector and Only Supreme Head of the Church and Clergy of England”
Thomas More(Utopia) refused to sign oath and was executed
Henry then seized all church lands
Edward VI ruled after Henry, strengthened Protestantism; when he died, “Bloody Mary” took over

16. Anne--Beheaded Jane--Died Anne--Divorced Catherine—Beheaded
Catherine--Divorced
Anne--Beheaded
Jane--Died
Anne--Divorced
Catherine—Beheaded
Kathryn--Survived

18. Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation
Promoted nationalism, opposed foreign mercenary service
Ended clerical celibacy
Very literal interpretation of the bible
Differed from Lutheranism when it came to the Eucharist (Zwingli believed Christ was only spiritually present)
Tetrapolitan Confession
Series of civil wars broke out in Switzerland

19. Anabaptists 1525-formed by dissatisfied followers of Zwingli
Schleitheim Confession--Rejected infant baptism in favor of adult baptism, no war, no oaths, no participation in govt.
Formed their own religious communities--persecuted, tortured and executed

24. THE END and Quotes
“If I am not allowed to laugh in heaven, I don't want to go there.” –Martin Luther
“Reason is a whore, the greatest enemy that faith has.” –Martin Luther
“A dog barks when his master is attacked. I would be a coward if I saw that God’s truth is attacked and yet would remain silent.” – John Calvin
“. . . I consider looseness with words no less of a defect than looseness of the bowels.” – John Calvin
“We must remember that Satan has his miracles, too.” –John Calvin

25. Catholic Counter Reformation
Council of
Trent
Pope Paul III ( )
Climax of counter reformation
3 sessions btwn
Focused on differences btwn C and P
Rejected all compromise-- kept all
7 Sacraments and upheld transubstantiation

26. Outcomes Kept Changed Indulgences Absolute authority of the pope
7 Sacraments
Transubstantiation
Belief in purgatory
Pilgrimages
Cult of saints and relics
Changed
Selling of indulgences
Selection of bishops for political reasons
Large landholding of church
Inflexibility
Absentee clergy
Corrupt/worldly priests

27. No Doctrinal Change!!

28. Baroque Art Associated with Counter Reformation Looks staged
Lots of emotion/drama/intensity
Ornate, lots of detail
Often promoted the glory of the Catholic Church or showcased triumph of church
Ex: Bernini, St. Peters