1. Organic Structure Among neutral (uncharged) organic compounds – carbon: – carbon: four covalent bonds and no unshared pairs of electrons – hydrogen: – hydrogen: one covalent bond and no unshared pairs of electrons – nitrogen: – nitrogen: three covalent bonds and one unshared pair of electrons – oxygen: – oxygen: two covalent bonds and two unshared pairs of electrons – a halogen: – a halogen: one covalent bond and three unshared pairs of electrons

2. Models Draw a lewis structure, make the model, draw ther 3-D structure, and decribe the bond angles for the following: C 2 H 6 C 2 H 4 C 2 H 2 C 2 H 5 Cl C 2 H 4 O CH 2 O CH 5 N

3. Alcohols Alcohol: Alcohol: contains an OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom – may be primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°)

4. Alcohols Problem: Problem: Draw Lewis structures, make the model, and describe the geometry and polarity for the two alcohols of molecular formula C 3 H 8 O

5. Alcohols Problem: Problem: draw Lewis structures and condensed structural formulas for the two alcohols of molecular formula C 3 H 8 O Solution: Solution:

6. Amines Amine:amino group Amine: a compound containing an amino group – the amino group may be primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°)

7. Amines – Problem: – Problem: Draw Lewis structures, make the model, and describe the geometry and polarity for the two primary amines of molecular formula C 3 H 9 N

8. Amines – Problem: – Problem: draw condensed structural formulas for the two primary amines of molecular formula C 3 H 9 N – Solution:

9. Aldehydes and Ketones C=O (carbonyl) group Both contain a C=O (carbonyl) group – aldehyde: – aldehyde: contains a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen; in formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, the carbonyl group is bonded to two hydrogens – ketone: – ketone: contains a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms

10. Aldehydes and Ketones – Problem: – Problem: Draw Lewis structures, make the model, and describe the geometry and polarity for the two aldehydes of molecular formula C 4 H 8 O

11. Aldehydes and Ketones – Problem: – Problem: draw condensed structural formulas for the two aldehydes of molecular formula C 4 H 8 O Solution:Solution:

12. Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acid: a compound containing carboxylCarboxylic acid: a compound containing a -COOH (carboxyl: carbonyl + hydroxyl) group in a condensed structural formula, a carboxyl group may also be written -CO 2 H.

13. Carboxylic Acids – Problem: – Problem: Draw Lewis structures, make the model, and describe the geometry and polarity for the single carboxylic acid of molecular formula C 3 H 6 O 2

14. Carboxylic Acids – Problem: – Problem: draw a condensed structural formula for the single carboxylic acid of molecular formula C 3 H 6 O 2 Solution:Solution: the only way the carbon atoms can be written is three in a chain; the -COOH group must be on an end carbon of the chain