1. Page 1 DIFFERENT APPROACHES IN SCIENCE EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Yuli Rahmawati, M.Sc., Ph.D. Jurusan Kimia, FMIPA UNJ THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL KNOWLEDGE AND CHEMICAL EDUCATION Yuli Rahmawati, M.Sc., Ph.D. Jurusan Kimia, FMIPA UNJ

2. Page 2 INTRODUCTION Improving teaching and learning in chemistry through understanding structure of chemical knowledge Philosophical of chemistry The role of reduction, explanations, laws and supervinience Reconceptualise chemistry education (theories of learning, curriculum design, and teacher education

3. Page 3 HISTORY AND PHYLOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Theory change in science and children cognitive development as key role (Hewson, 1981, Posner, Strike, Hewson, & Gertzog, 1982) Science needs to be connected to its social and historical roots (Duschl, Hamilton, Grandy, 1992) The importance of students engagement in scientific inquiry (Gallagher, Lederman, 1992) Unifying concepts and processes (evidence, models, and explanations, and form and function) to facilitate students way of thinking about and integrating a range of basic ideas that explain the natural and designed world

4. Page 4 WHAT WENT WRONG… Not pay attention of philosophy of chemistry Reductionism as a major factor has inhibited the development of philosophy of chemistry as a field of inquiry Chemistry as branch of physics In chemistry: qualitative aspects of matter and class concepts Quantum mechanics The most dramatic prediction in the history of science (arrangement elements in periodic table)

5. Page 5 TEACHING CRITICAL THEMES ON CHEMICAL KNOWLEDGE Philosophy of chemistry Guide chemistry education into chemistry knowledge Scery and McIntyre (1997) highlighted reduction, laws, explanations, and supervenience as important theme

6. Page 6 The Case Of Reduction Ontological reduction of chemistry to physics is a foregone conclusion. Chemical systems is not a special class of physical system. In secondary schools: chemical composition, molecular structure, and bonding (sophistication and complexity) Atomic and molecular components do not show this property of composition

7. Page 7 The Case Of Reduction Composition, bonding, and molecular structure are introduced without philosophical deeper on relationship between them Not only reductionism, but also the chemical concept itself Learning issues around reduction: a multiplicity of interpretations, design tasks, and assessments of relationship between molecular structures and chemical composition can be promoted in strudents thinking. Promoting authentic scientific discourses and scientific argumentation

8. Page 8 The Case Of Explaination Formation of bonds, acid base behaviour, redox chemistry, photochemistry and reactivity studies ( interchange of electrons between various kinds of orbital-level of atomic physics) Electronic orbital can’t be observed according quantum mechanics Useful explanatory nature of electronic orbitals in chemical explanations and their ontological status in quantum physics Classroom discussion based on such distinction

9. Page 9 The Case Of Laws Good example on periodic law (Mendeleev and Meyer) which is different from laws of physics Sodium and Potassium represent a repetition of lithium, but they are no sense identical Mendeleev used a vast store of chemical intuition rather than a straightforward algorithm as a physicist used when operating physical laws In classroom, students understand how chemical laws are generated and how they are differ from laws in science

10. Page 10 The Case Of Supervenience In a relationship asymmetric dependence. Relationship of two macroscopic system Supervenience argument: two compounds have identical manner, share the same smell. Two compound share same macroscopic property of smells, not necessary identical in microscopic level Collaboration biochemist and neurophysiologist (depend on philosophical consideration not empirical facts) In teaching< relationship between colour, smell, texture and microscopic properties such as molecular structure and chemical bonding

11. Page 11 IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH The nature of chemistry (historical and philosophical dimensions of chemistry) Implications on theories of learning, curriculum design, and teacher education FIRST: Shifted from conceptual to epistemological ground (what would be the developmental pattern in students’ thinking with respect to understanding of how knowledge growth occurs in chemistry)

12. Page 12 IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH SECOND: curriculum design with chemical epistemology for educational reform THIRD: teaching involves the coordination of content knowledge of a domain and knowledge about epistemology of that domain. Teacher need to be educated about how knowledge is structured in the discipline that they are teaching. Teacher education need to be informed by and about philosophy of chemistry

13. Page 13 Implications For Theory Of Learning Conventionally by problem solving and learning of science process skills Learning of chemical knowledge (conceptual understanding Vs learning criteria and standards) On students learning: neglected philosophical consideration on laws

14. Page 14 Implications For Theory Of Learning Students difficulties: interpreting Bohr model of atom, Lewis model (electrophilicity and nucleophilicity) The nature of chemical explanations and how they are generated and evaluated for improving students understanding of key concepts in chemistry

15. Page 15 Implications For Curriculum Design Content knowledge and social aspect of chemistry Substances Approach: substances (mixture or pure, physical and chemical change), Elements, Compound, solutions, state of matter, energy, kinetic theory before chemical reaction Atomic structure Approach : atomic theory, symbolic representation and calculation (mole), kinetic theory, phase equilibrium, atomic structure, and periodicity, chemical equilibrium, reaction rates before chemistry of elements and chemical reactions

16. Page 16 Implications For Curriculum Design Chemical Reactions Approach: separating pure substances from the mixtures and compounds (physical separation processes to solve problems of chemical reactions), Reactions (substance's are decomposed by heating in the air) Societal Approach (core concepts of chemistry with a society and connection with everyday life): nuclear, organic, industrial chemistry, biochemistry, issues on clean water, conserving chemical resources, feeding world, and personal health decisions

17. Page 17 Implications For Curriculum Design Chemical Reactions Approach: separating pure substances from the mixtures and compounds (physical separation processes to solve problems of chemical reactions), Reactions (substance's are decomposed by heating in the air) Societal Approach (core concepts of chemistry with a society and connection with everyday life): nuclear, organic, industrial chemistry, biochemistry, issues on clean water, conserving chemical resources, feeding world, and personal health decisions

18. Page 18 Implications For Curriculum Design Philosophy of chemistry consideration (Acid Bases Curriculum, Erduran, 1999).First: role of models in chemistry (content as the context not as the end with process of generation, evaluation, and revision). Second: students initial concepts generates the model, Third: epistemological reasoning (the goal of nurturing students; use of criteria and standards)

19. Page 19 Implications For Teacher Education Expertise in teaching requires both knowledge of a content of a domain and knowledge about the epistemology of that domain Chemistry teachers have had little exposure to issues of chemical knowledge beyond content knowledge Reduction, explaination, law, and supervinience are strengtening teacher subject matter knowledge and pedagogical knowledge

20. Page 20 Implications For Teacher Education First: teacher subject matter knowledge (reinforce topics such as quantum mechanics, periodicity, and structure/function relationships in chemistry) Second: teachers pedagogical content knowledge (understanding of reasoning underlying subject matter). Teachers understand how knowledge growth occurs in chemistry, so they will be able to translate chemical knowledge

21. Page 21 CONCLUSION Reconceptualised chemistry education with integrated philosophy of chemistry Reduction, explanation, laws, and supervenience as critical themes in philosophical of chemistry It has implications for theories of learning, curriculum design, and teacher education