1. QUIZ - in 10

2. NOTES Ch 7 2/23 Articulations

3. ARTICULATIONS – where two bones meet (joint) PURPOSE: 1. Allow movement 1. Allow movement 2. Holds skeleton together 2. Holds skeleton together

4. LIGAMENTS – bands of fibrous tissue that hold bones together at the joints

5. 3 TYPES OF JOINTS 1. SYNARTHROSIS * immovable joints * immovable joints EX: sutures of the skull

6. 2. AMPHIARTHROSES * slightly moveable joints * slightly moveable joints EX: pubic symphysis, ribs and sternum/ vertebrae

7. 3. DIARTHOSES * freely movable joints * freely movable joints * AKA synovial joints * AKA synovial joints * most common * most common EX: arms, legs, fingers….

8. DIARTHROSES JOINTS 1. Articular cartilage – cushion 2. Synovial cavity – space at the joint filled with fluid 3. Synovial fluid – liquid that nourishes the cartilage and lubricates the joint 4. Bursae – fluid filled sacs at the joints that cushion (bursitis – inflammation of the bursa) (bursitis – inflammation of the bursa)

12. TYPES OF DIARTHROSES JOINTS 1. HINGE – only moves forward and backward like a door Ex: at the elbow Ex: at the elbow 2. PIVOT – one bone moves on another bone that is relatively flat Ex: wrist Ex: wrist

13. 3. GLIDING – two flat surfaces Ex: shoulder blade Ex: shoulder blade 4. BALL AND SOCKET – one bone with rounded end fits into a cup shape Ex: at the shoulder Ex: at the shoulder

16. JOINT PROBLEMS ARTHROLOGY – the study of joints

17. ARTHRITIS Inflammation of a joint Inflammation of a joint S: Pain, stiffness, swelling CAUSE:Breakdown of cartilage can be due to age ("wear and tear"), obesity, joint injuries, heredity, defects in joints and cartilage and repetitive movements while working.

18. Many types: RHEUMATOID - body attacks tissue at joints - body attacks tissue at joints * S: Joints can fuse, deformity; pain

20. OSTEOARTHRITIS - articular cartilage degenerates - articular cartilage degenerates S: pain, swelling, enlarge S: pain, swelling, enlarge 80% americans over 50 have 80% americans over 50 have the cartilage becomes flaky and rough and small pieces break off to form loose bodies in the synovial fluid. This causes irritation and inflammation of the synovial membrane.

21. How is it treated? Treatment of OA focuses on reducing pain and improving the movement in joints, and may include: Exercises to keep joints flexible and muscles strong Medications to control pain Heat/cold therapies for short term pain relief Surgery to relieve pain and replace damaged joints Injections of thick liquids into the knee joints Weight control to prevent stress on weight-bearing joints

22. GOUTY - uric acid deposited at joint cavities - uric acid deposited at joint cavities * S: large joint, pain

23. DISLOCATION Bone displaced from joint from tearing or stretching of ligament S: pain, bones in wrong place

25. SPRAIN Injury to joint, ligament torn but bones not dislocated S: Rapids swelling, pain

28. What is really happening when you "crack" your knuckles is that you are actually pushing the joint either back into or out of its normal position. Joints in the fingers are composed of two bones covered by cartilage and held together by a strong, fibrous capsule and ligaments. A lubricant found in the space between the bones is called synovial fluid, which contains gas (mostly carbon dioxide and some nitrogen). When you crack your joints, the bones on either side of the joint space separate, reducing pressure on the synovial fluid. This allows the gas to form bubbles that quickly expand and pop, causing the characteristic "popping" sound you hear. It takes about 5 to 10 minutes for the gas to be reabsorbed into the fluid. This explains why you cannot immediately crack your knuckles again.