1. Elbow Biomechanics Kyle Florence Olivia Durand Tom Conlon Kyle McCrobie

2. The Joints ●Humero-ulnar: Hinge ●Proximal radio-ulnar: Pivot ●Humeroradial: Hinge, limited ball-and-socket

3. Anatomy: Ligaments ●Radial Collateral Ligament ●Ulnar Collateral Ligament ●Annular Ligament

4. Anatomy: Muscles ●Biceps Brachii ●Triceps Brachii ●Brachialis ●Brachioradialis ●Pronator Teres ●Anconeus

5. Motions MovementJointMusclesLimiting structures ExtensionHumero-ulnar Humeroradial Triceps brachii Anconeus Muscle: Flexors Joint Capsule: Anteriorly Bones: Olecranon process and fossa FlexionHumero-ulnar Humeroradial Biceps brachii (when supinated) Brachialis Pronator teres Muscle: Triceps Joint Capsule: Posteriorly Soft Tissue: Anterior forearm and arm PronationHumeroradial Proximal radio-ulnar Distal radio-ulnar Interosseous membrane Anconeus (by abducting ulna) Pronator teres Pronator quadratus Muscle: Supinator, Biceps Ligaments: Dorsal inferior radio-ulnar, interosseous membrane Bones: Radius on ulna SupinationHumeroradial Proximal radio-ulnar Distal radio-ulnar Biceps brachii Supinator Muscle: Pronator teres, Pronator quadratus Ligaments: Anterior inferior radio-ulnar, interosseous membrane

6. The Carrying Angle ●A result of the trochlea extending more distally than the capitulum ●10°-15° in men ●>15° in women

7. Case Study - Little League Elbow ●Common injury in youth baseball pitchers o Valgus stress on elbow during overhand throw  Distraction of medial side of elbow  Compression of lateral side o Medial epiphyseal plate avulsion o Tears in wrist flexor tendons ●Risk factors not entirely known but possibly… o Quick height change o Between 8-15 years old o Excessive curve balls thrown

8. References ●Cubitus [Online image]. (n.d.). Pueblo Bone and Joint Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mypbanj.com ●Dwyer, M. (2013). Clay Buchholz [Online image]. Retreived from http://www.concordmonitor.com ●Elbow anatomy [Online image]. (2013). Phoenix Shoulder and Knee. Retrieved from https://phoenixshoulderandknee.com ●Golf Swing [Online image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://leecarringtongolf.com ●Gray, H. (1918). Anatomy of the human body. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger. ●Huang, Y., Wu, T., Learman, K., & Tsai, Y. 2010. A comparison of throwing kinematics between youth baseball players with and without a history of medial elbow pain. Chinese Journal of Physiology 53(3), 160-166. ●Moore, K. L., Agur, M. R., & Dalley, A. F. (2011). Essential clinical anatomy. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.