1. Detonation nanodiamonds (DND) Presentation 4.5.2011Perttu RintalaKe-31.5530 Nanoparticles

2. Contents Detonation synthesis Properties of detonation nanodiamond Applications Commercial business References

3. DNDs, particle size 5-10 nm. (HRTEM) Reference: He, J. et al. Reinforcing copper matrix composites through molecular-level mixing of functionalized nanodiamond by co- deposition route. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2008. Vol. 490:1- 2. S. 293-299. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2008.01.046. ISSN 0921-5093.

4. Detonation synthesis 1/2 demolition compound TNT + RDX (usually 40:60 or 70:30) detonation in cylindrical steel chamber size 1-4 m 3 / 1 kg demolition compound inert gas, or water/ice shell around the detonation charge detonation circumstances are precise to get high nanodiamond yield

5. Detonation synthesis 2/2 rapid cooling must follow the detonation preventing phase transformation to graphite radical chemical purification is needed isolating nanodiamonds from detonation soot and impurities also the chemical properties of DND change radically an industrial detonation chamber can produce 2,5 kg DNDs in 8 hours

6. DND synthesis models no generally accepted model exists DNDs are generated most propably right after the detonation with phase transformation from carbon because of the detonation pressure OR through the formation of liquid carbon nanodroplets which crystallize to nanodiamonds

7. The properties of the detonation nanodiamond the diameter of a single particle is 4-5 nm (commercial) the shape is round, no sharp edges hardness, inside a conventional diamond structure chemically active surface hydroxyl-, ketone- and carboxyl groups cluster formation diameter hundreds of nanometers

8. Properties create the applications 1/2 Chemically active surface polishing additive in polymers biological and medical use

9. Properties create the applications 2/2 Round shape and hardness lubrication Small size and clusters (uniformly dispersed) coatings additive in metals

10. Applications of DNDs Processing material surfaces PolishingLubrication Structural additive Coatings Polymer- and metal matrixes Biological and medical use

11. Applications profit commercial business 1/3 Polishing smoother surface electronics and optics Lubrication the reduction of friction and wear combustion engines

12. Applications profit commercial business 2/3 Coatings hardness and abrasion resistance improve tool coatings Additive in polymer matrixes increasing strength film polymers, polymer fibres

13. Applications profit commercial business 3/3 Metal matrixes (copper) grain size decreases, hardness increases electrical conductivity decreases only slightly Biological and medical use slowing cancer’s progression transportation of insoluble medicines in human body

14. Carbodeon – nanodiamonds commercially Finnish firm, which develops, studies and sells nanodiamonds office and application laboratory in Vantaa 8 different grades of nanodiamond e.g. 20 g of nanodiamonds costs 280 € http://www.carbodeon.com/

15. References (some) Shenderova, O.A. et al. Ultrananocrystalline Diamond: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. William Andrew Publishing, 2006. 611 s. ISBN 978-0-8155-1942-3 (sähköinen), ISBN 978-0- 8155-1524-1 (painettu). Dolmatov, V.Y. Detonation-synthesis nanodiamonds: synthesis, structure, properties and applications. Russian Chemical Reviews, 2007. Vol. 76:4. S. 339-360. DOI: 10.1070/RC2007v076n04ABEH003643. ISSN 0036-021X. Danilenko, V.V. Specific Features of Synthesis of Detonation Nanodiamonds. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, 2005. Vol. 41:5. S. 577-588. DOI: 10.1007/s10573-005-0072-5. ISSN 0010- 5082. Chu, H.Y. & Hsu, W.C. & Lin J.F. The anti-scuffing performance of diamond nano-particles as an oil additive. Wear [verkkolehti], 2010. Vol. 268:7-8. S. 960-967. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2009.12.023. ISSN 0043-1648. Petrov, I. et al. Nickel galvanic coatings co-deposited with fractions of detonation nanodiamond. Diamond & Related Materials [verkkolehti], 2006. Vol. 15:11-12. S. 2035-2038. DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2006.08.010. ISSN 0925-9635. Maitra U. et al. Mechanical properties of nanodiamond-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. Solid State Communications [verkkolehti], 2009. Vol. 149:39-40. S. 1693-1697. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssc.2009.06.017. ISSN 0038-1098