2. Eye &Visual Pathway
Dr. Nimir
Dr. Safaa

3. Ojectives Describe the location of the orbit.
Make a list of structures making the orbit starting from orbital margin.
Define each component.
Describe openings into orbital cavity.
Describe muscles of the orbit, their cone arrangement, origin, insertion, nerve supply and their function.
Describe the visual pathway

4. The Orbital Region
The orbits are a pair of bony cavities
It contains:
The eyeballs &their associated muscles
Nerves, vessels, and fat
Most of the lacrimal apparatus.

5. The Orbit
Description
It is a pyramidal cavity with its base in front and its apex behind.
The orbital margin is formed:
Superiorly: Frontal bone
Laterally: Processes of the frontal and zygomatic bones
Inferiorly: zygomatic bone and the maxilla,
Medially :the processes of the maxilla and the frontal bone.

6. The orbital walls
Roof: Formed by the orbital plate of the frontal bone
Lateral wall: Formed by the zygomatic bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid
Floor: Formed by the orbital plate of the maxilla
Medial wall: Formed from before backward by the :
Frontal process of the maxilla
Lacrimal bone
Orbital plate of the ethmoid

8. Eyelids:
The orbital opening is guarded by eyelids
Upper & lower eyelid meet each other at medial and lateral angles.
The palpebral fissure is elliptical opening between eyelids.
Superficial surface of eyelids is covered by skin, and deep surface is covered by a mucous membrane, called the conjunctiva.

9. Eyelids are formed by orbital septum (fibrous sheet),which is attached to periosteum at orbital margins.
Orbital septum is thickened at margins of lids to form superior and inferior tarsal plates(tarsus).
Lateral & medial ends of the plates are attached by lateral palpebral ligament & medial palpebral ligaments to orbital bones.

10. Tarsal glands are long, modified sebaceous glands that secrete oily substance onto margin of eyelid.
They are embedded in tarsal plates .
Eyelashes are short, curved hairs on free edges of eyelids at mucocutaneous junction.

11. The conjunctiva is a thin mucous membrane that lines eyelids and is reflected onto anterior surface of eyeball. Its epithelium is continuous with that of cornea.
Sebaceous glands (glands of Zeis) open directly into eyelash follicles.
The ciliary glands (glands of Moll) are modified sweat glands that open separately between adjacent lashes.

12. Lacrimal Gland:
It consists of a large orbital part and a small palpebral part & situated in superolateral region of the orbit.
It has about 12 ducts which empty tears into lateral part of superior fornix of the conjunctiva.

14. Tears enter lacrimal canaliculi which open into lacrimal sac then to nasolacrimal duct.
Nasolacrimal duct is about 0.5 in. (1.3 cm) long.
It descends in a bony canal and opens into inferior meatus of the nose.

15. Openings into orbital cavity:
Superior orbital fissure:
It communicates with middle cranial fossa.
It transmits, lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, trochlear nerve, abducent nerve, nasociliary nerve, and superior ophthalmic vein.
Inferior orbital fissure communicates with pterygopalatine fossa.
It transmits maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branch, inferior ophthalmic vein, and sympathetic nerves.

16. Optic canal:
It communicates with middle cranial fossa.
It transmits optic nerve and ophthalmic artery.
Supraorbital notch (Foramen) for supraorbital nerve and blood vessels.
Infraorbital groove and canal for infraorbital nerve and blood vessels.
Nasolacrimal canal communicates with inferior meatus of nose & transmits the nasolacrimal duct.

17. Blood Vessels
Ophthalmic Artery:
The ophthalmic artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery.
Branches:
The central artery of the retina.
The muscular branches
The ciliary arteries
The lacrimal artery
The supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries

18. Ophthalmic Veins:
The superior ophthalmic vein communicates with the facial vein .
The inferior ophthalmic vein communicates through the inferior orbital fissure with the pterygoid venous plexus.
Both veins join and pass through the superior orbital fissure and drain into the cavernous sinus.

19. There are six voluntary muscles:
Levator palpebrae superioris
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique.

20. Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
Function
Levator palpebrae superioris
Lesser wing of sphenoid anterior to optic canal
Anterior surface of tarsal plate; a few fibers to skin and superior conjunctival fornix
Oculomotor nerve [III]- superior branch
Elevation of upper eyelid
Superior rectus
Superior part of common tendinous ring
Anterior half of eyeball superiorly
Elevation, adduction, medial rotation of eyeball
Inferior rectus
Inferior part of common tendinous ring
Anterior half of eyeball inferiorly
Oculomotor nerve [III]- inferior branch
Depression, adduction, lateral rotation of eyeball
Medial rectus
Medial part of common tendinous ring
Anterior half of eyeball medially
Adduction of eyeball
Lateral rectus
Lateral part of common tendinous ring
Anterior half of eyeball laterally
Abducent nerve [VI]
Abduction of eyeball
Superior oblique
Body of sphenoid, superior and medial to optic canal
Outer posterior quadrant of eyeball
Trochlear nerve [IV]
Depression, abduction, medial rotation of eyeball
Inferior oblique
Medial floor of orbit posterior to rim; maxilla lateral to nasolacrimal groove
Elevation, abduction, lateral rotation of eyeball

21. Contents of the Eyeball:
Aqueous humor which secreted from ciliary processes, enters posterior chamber then flows into anterior chamber through the pupil and is drained away into canal of Schlemm.
Vitreous body fills the eyeball behind the lens and it supports lens and retina.
Lens is a transparent, biconvex structure which is situated behind iris and in front of vitreous body.

22. The eyeball consists of three coats:
1-Fibrous coat consists of:
Sclera(‘White of the eye'posterior opaque part).
Cornea(anterior transparent part).
2- Vascular coat consists of:
Choroid.
Ciliary body.
Iris.

23. 3-Nervous coat(Retina)
3-Nervous coat(Retina). It has macula lutea(area of most distinct vision) & optic disc without rods and cones (blind spot).
It consists of:
Outer pigmented layer.
Inner nervous layer(retina proper) which consists of many layers but most important are:
Rods & cones
Bipolar cells
Axons of ganglion cells

24. Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II):
Fibers of optic nerve are axons of neurons in ganglionic layer of the retina.
They form optic nerve which leaves orbital cavity through optic canal and unites with optic nerve of opposite side to form optic chiasma.
In optic chiasma, nasal (medial) fibers of retina, including the nasal half of macula, cross midline and enter optic tract of opposite side, while temporal (lateral) fibers, including temporal half of macula, pass in same side.

25. Optic tract passes around cerebral peduncle
Optic tract passes around cerebral peduncle. Most of its fibers synapse in lateral geniculate body of thalamus.
Few fibers pass to pretectal nucleus and superior colliculus of midbrain for light reflexes.
Axons of geniculate body neurons form optic radiation which terminates in the visual cortex (area 17).