1. Environmental Exchange
Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology
Environmental Exchange

2. The Respiratory System

3. What are the primary functions of the respiratory system?

4. Oxygen
Is obtained from the air by diffusion across delicate _______ surfaces of lungs
Is carried to cells by the cardiovascular system which also returns _____ _____ to the lungs

5. 5 Functions of the Respiratory System
Provides extensive gas exchange _____ ____ between air and circulating blood
Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs

6. 5 Functions of the Respiratory System
______ respiratory surfaces from outside environment
______ sounds-speaking, singing
Participates in ________ sense

7. Components of the Respiratory System
Figure 23–1

8. Organization of the Respiratory System
The respiratory system is divided into the _______ respiratory system, above the larynx, and the _______ respiratory system, from the larynx down

9. The Respiratory Tract Consists of a ________ portion:
from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles
Consists of a ___________ portion:
the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli - Are air-filled pockets within the lungs
where all gas exchange takes place

10. The Respiratory Epithelium
For gases to exchange efficiently:
alveoli walls must be very thin (< 1 µm)
surface area must be very great (about __ times the surface area of the body)

11. The Respiratory Mucosa
Consists of:
an ________ layer
an _______ layer
Lines conducting portion of respiratory system

12. Alveolar sac
Alveoli
Figure 23–2

13. The Lamina Propria Underlies areolar tissue
In the upper respiratory system, trachea, and bronchi:
contains _______ glands that secrete onto epithelial surface
In the conducting portion of lower respiratory system:
contains _____ muscle cells that encircle lumen of bronchioles

14. The Respiratory Epithelium
Figure 23–2

15. How are delicate respiratory exchange surfaces protected from pathogens, debris, and other hazards?

16. The Respiratory Defense System
Consists of a series of _____ mechanisms
Removes particles and _________

17. Components of the Respiratory Defense System (1 of 2)
_______ cells and mucous glands:
produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces
Cilia:
_______ debris _______ in mucus toward the pharynx (mucus escalator)

18. Components of the Respiratory Defense System (2 of 2)
_________ in nasal cavity removes large particles
Alveolar _________ engulf small particles that reach lungs

19. What are the organs of the upper respiratory system and their functions?

20. The Upper Respiratory System
Figure 23–3

21. The Nose Air enters the respiratory system: Nasal hairs:
through nostrils or ______ nares
into nasal _________
Nasal hairs:
are in nasal vestibule
are the first particle filtration system

22. The Nasal Cavity The nasal ________:
divides nasal cavity into left and right
Mucous secretions from paranasal sinus and tears:
clean and moisten the nasal cavity
Superior portion of nasal cavity is the _________ region:
provides sense of smell

23. Air Flow From vestibule to internal nares:
through superior, middle, and inferior meatuses

24. Meatuses Constricted passageways that produce air turbulence:
_____ and _______ incoming air
______ particles

25. The Palates Hard palate: Soft palate: forms ______ of nasal cavity
separates nasal and oral cavities
Soft palate:
extends _______ to hard palate
divides superior nasopharynx from lower pharynx

26. The Nasal Mucosa
Warm and humidify inhaled air for arrival at lower respiratory organs
Breathing through mouth bypasses this important step

27. The Pharynx A chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems
Extends from internal nares to entrances to larynx and esophagus

28. Divisions of the Pharynx

29. The Nasopharynx ______ portion of the pharynx
Contains pharyngeal tonsils and openings to left and right auditory tubes

30. The Oropharynx ______ portion of the pharynx
Communicates with oral ______

31. The Laryngopharynx _______ portion of the pharynx
Extends from hyoid bone to entrance to larynx and esophagus

32. What is the structure of the larynx and its role in normal breathing and production of sound?

33. Anatomy of the Larynx
Figure 23–4

34. Cartilages of the Larynx
3 large, unpaired cartilages form the larynx:
the ______ cartilage
the _______

35. The Thyroid Cartilage Also called the Adam’s apple
Is a _______ cartilage
Forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx
Ligaments attach to _____ bone, epiglottis, and laryngeal cartilages

36. The Cricoid Cartilage Is a ______ cartilage
Form posterior portion of larynx
Ligaments attach to first tracheal cartilage
Articulates with arytenoid cartilages

37. The Epiglottis Composed of _______ cartilage
Ligaments attach to ______ cartilage and hyoid bone

38. Cartilage Functions
Prevents entry of food and liquids into respiratory tract
During __________:
the larynx is elevated
the epiglottis folds back over glottis
Thyroid and cricoid cartilages support and protect:
the _______
the entrance to trachea

39. The Glottis
Figure 23–5

40. Sound Production Sound Variation Air passing through glottis:
_______ vocal folds
produces sound waves
Sound Variation
Sound is varied by:
tension on vocal folds
voluntary muscles (position arytenoid cartilage relative to thyroid cartilage)

41. What is the structure of airways outside the lungs?

42. Anatomy of the Trachea
Figure 23–6

43. The Trachea Also called the _________
Extends from the cricoid cartilage to the internal ridge
where it branches into right and left pulmonary _________

44. The Tracheal Cartilages
strengthen and protect airway
discontinuous where trachea contacts esophagus
Ends of each tracheal cartilage are connected by:
an elastic ligament and __________ muscle

45. The Right Primary Bronchus
The Primary Bronchi
Right and left primary bronchi:
separated by an internal ridge (the ______)
The Right Primary Bronchus
Is ______ in diameter than the left
Descends at a _________ angle

46. The Lungs Left and right lungs: The base:
are in left and right _______ cavities
The base:
inferior portion of each lung rests on superior surface of ________

47. The Right Lung Has _ lobes: superior, middle, and ______
separated by horizontal and oblique fissures

48. The Left Lung Has _ lobes: superior and inferior
are separated by an oblique fissure

49. Relationship between Lungs and Heart
Figure 23–8

50. Lung Shape Right lung: Left lung: is wider
is displaced upward by _____
Left lung:
is _______
is displaced leftward by the heart forming the cardiac notch

51. Extrapulmonary Bronchi
The Bronchial Tree
Is formed by the primary bronchi and their branches
Extrapulmonary Bronchi
The left and right bronchi branches _____ the lungs
Intrapulmonary Bronchi
Branches within the lungs

52. A Primary Bronchus Branches to form secondary bronchi (lobar bronchi)
1 secondary bronchus goes to each lobe

53. Bronchi and Lobules
Figure 23–9

54. Secondary Bronchi
Branch to form ______ bronchi, also called the segmental bronchi
Each segmental bronchus:
supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment

55. Bronchial Structure
The walls of primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi:
contain progressively less ________ and ____ smooth muscle
increasing muscular effects on airway constriction and resistance

56. Bronchitis _____________ of bronchial walls:
causes constriction and breathing difficulty

57. The Bronchioles
Figure 23–10

58. Bronchiole Structure Autonomic Control Bronchioles:
have no ___________
are dominated by smooth muscle
Autonomic Control
Regulates smooth muscle:
controls diameter of bronchioles
controls airflow and resistance in lungs

59. Asthma Excessive stimulation and bronchoconstriction
Stimulation severely restricts airflow

60. The Bronchioles
Each tertiary bronchus branches into multiple bronchioles
Bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles:
1 tertiary bronchus forms about 6500 terminal bronchioles

61. Alveolar Organization
Figure 23–11

62. Alveolar Organization
Respiratory bronchioles are connected to alveoli along alveolar ducts
Alveolar ducts end at alveolar sacs:
common chambers connected to many individual alveoli

63. An Alveolus Has an extensive network of capillaries
Is surrounded by ______ fibers

64. Alveolar Epithelium Consists of simple squamous epithelium
Consists of thin, delicate Type I cells
Patrolled by alveolar __________, also called dust cells
Contains septal cells (Type II cells) that produce __________

65. Surfactant Is an _____ secretion Contains phospholipids and proteins
Coats alveolar surfaces and _______ surface tension
Helps diffusion of O2

66. Inflammation of Lobules
Also called pneumonia:
causes fluid to leak into alveoli
compromises function of respiratory membrane

67. Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes
Figure 23–8

68. Respiration External Respiration Internal Respiration
Refers to 2 integrated processes:
external respiration
internal respiration
External Respiration
Includes all processes involved in exchanging O2 and CO2 with the environment
Internal Respiration
Also called cellular respiration
Involves the uptake of O2 and production of CO2 within individual cells

69. 3 Processes of External Respiration
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
Gas diffusion:
across membranes and capillaries
Transport of O2 and CO2:
between alveolar capillaries
between capillary beds in other tissues

70. Gas Pressure and Volume As volume decreases, pressure increases
Figure 23–13

71. Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation
Figure 23–14

72. Respiration Causes volume changes that create changes in pressure
Volume of thoracic cavity changes:
with expansion or contraction of diaphragm or rib cage

73. The Respiratory Muscles
Figure 23–16a, b

74. The Respiratory Muscles
Figure 23–16c, d

75. 3 Muscle Groups of Inhalation
Diaphragm is the main one.
Abdominal muscle system used in exhaling

76. Respiratory Performance and Age
Figure 23–28

77. 3 Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System
Elastic tissues deteriorate:
reducing lung compliance
lowering vital capacity
Arthritic changes:
restrict chest movements
limit respiratory minute volume
Emphysema:
affects individuals over age 50
depending on exposure to respiratory irritants (e.g., cigarette smoke)