2. Today Review 1960s Vietnam War Notes Watch 1st part of 1960-1964 Video
s Notes

3. Today Review yesterday’s notes Watching 1970-79 Video 1980s-90s Notes
** Sr. meeting at 2:00. All seniors will have homework to make up for the missed classwork today!

4. Life After WWII After WWII, conformity was the trend Suburbs spread
William Levitt built affordable, “cookie-cutter” homes that led to a growing middle class (Levitt Towns)
Fear of nuclear war spread during the Cold War (remember: the Cold War lasted until 1990)
There was a “baby boom” (born between )

5. Baby Boomer Generation
As young adults, the “baby boomers” rejected conformity… they wanted to be different
As adults, “baby boomers” created a new political movement called the “New Left” (belief in radical social change)
This social change led us to….
The 1960s

6. Election of 1960
In the Presidential election of 1960, John F. Kennedy (Dem.) ran against Richard Nixon (Rep.)
It was the first time a presidential debate was held on TV
Kennedy appeared confident
Nixon was sweaty and nervous

7. your country can do for you- ask what you can do for your country
John F. Kennedy
Ask not what
your country can do for you- ask what you can do for your country
First Catholic President
Young, witty, elegant administration
Surrounded himself with the “best and the brightest”
“New Frontier”
Peace Corp (volunteerism)

8. Kennedy Administration
The Bay of Pigs
Cuban Missile Crisis
Race to the Moon
Kennedy Assassination

9. The Bay of Pigs
The Bay of Pigs: The US had secretly trained Cuban exiles to invade Cuba, to start an uprising against Castro. When they invaded, the Cubans and Soviets captured them. Huge embarrassment!

10. Fidel Castro, Communist Dictator of Cuba

11. Cuban Missile Crisis
Photos revealed that the Soviets had sent missiles to Cuba and that the Cubans had them pointed toward America, ready to launch. Kennedy informed the American public, who anxiously waited for 6 days, expected a nuclear war. Khrushchev removed the missiles with the promise that we would not invade Cuba

12. NASA- explore outer space
Race to the Moon
Yuri Gagari (Soviet), first human in space
Alan Shepard, first American in space

13. First humans on the moon were American astronauts Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin

14. Kennedy Assassination
Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963

15. Lyndon B. Johnson War on Poverty
Became President when Kennedy was assassinated
Programs called “Great Society”
Signed into law lots of Civil Rights legislation (Civil Rights Act of 1964; 24th Amendment; Voting Rights Act of 1965)
Head Start
Medicaid
Medicare
War on
Poverty

16. Civil Rights Movement Brown v. Board of Education
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Little Rock Nine
March on Washington
Militant Leadership

17. Separate schools are NOT equal!
Brown v. Board of Education overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal)
Separate schools are NOT equal!
Thurgood Marshall, first AfAm Supreme Court Justice

18. Montgomery Bus Boycott- boycott of the segregated transportation system of Montgomery, Alabama
Triggered by Rosa Parks

19. Little Rock Nine- Nine high school students from Little Rock, AK who tested integration at Central High School

20. March on Washington- Organized by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr
March on Washington- Organized by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. who gave his famous “I Have a Dream” Speech”
Non-violent protests (sit-ins, boycotts, marches)
Civil Disobedience (refusal to obey a law as a means of protest- Henry David Thoreau)

21. Malcolm X- Militant Civil Rights leader who believed that equality should be achieved “by any means necessary”
Black Panthers- Militant “Black Power” organization that advocated Black leadership in their own communities & the rebuilding of urban ghettos

22. "I think that there are plenty of good people in America, but there are also plenty of bad people in America and the bad ones are the ones who seem to have all the power and be in a position to block things that you and I need. Because this is the situation, you and I have to preserve the right to do what is necessary to bring an end to this situation, and it doesn't mean that I advocate violence, but at the same time, I'm not against using violence in self-defense. I don't even call it violence when it's self-defense, I call it intelligence.“ ~Malcolm X

23. Other Social Movements
Counterculture (Hippies)
Women’s Rights Movement
Brown Power Movement
Red Power Movement

24. A counter culture arose in the 1960s (wanted a break with the traditional values of their parents)
Woodstock (1969) music and arts festival in New York
Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco was the center of “hippie” life and drug use

25. Women’s Movement Leaders: Betty Friedan (wrote The Feminine Mystique)
Gloria Steinam (founded Ms. Magazine)

26. Migrant Workers
Goal: Support the rights of migrant farm workers, mostly who were poor Hispanic immigrants
Leaders:
Cesar Chavez (conducted hunger strikes & non-violent protests)

27. American Indian Movement
Important Groups: AIM (American Indian Movement)
Important Events:
Trail of Broken Treaties (occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, DC)
Siege at Wounded Knee

28. Vietnam War Vietnam Divided by Communism Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Tet Offensive
Mai Lai Massacre
Effects of the War

29. French Indochina
Nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh, lead a Communist independence movement against France

30. Divided Vietnam North Vietnam- Communist (Vietminh)
South Vietnam- Democratic elections, but corruption in the Ngo Dinh Diem regime
The Vietcong wanted to unite Vietnam under the leadership of Communist, Ho Chi Minh

31. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
President Lyndon Johnson & the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (took power away from Congress in declaring war)

32. Napalm used to destroy the jungles

33. Tet Offensive- North Vietnam & Vietcong fierce attack against America
Showed that the Vietcong would not give up!

34. My Lai Massacre

35. Kent State University Anti-War Demonstration- National Guard killed students

36. Vietnam Veterans Memorial- “The Wall”, Washington, DC
Vietnam veterans were blamed for the war and treated badly when they returned

37. Government Distrust
The Vietnam War created a great deal of distrust for the government
This was intensified during the Watergate scandal

38. Richard M. Nixon Johnson did not run for re-election in 1968
Nixon (Rep.) was elected
His presidency was clouded with scandal when Republicans broke into the Democratic National Headquarters (at the Watergate Hotel) and stole materials

39. Watergate
Washington Post reporters Bernstein & Woodward used the anonymous source “Deep Throat” to reveal White House abuses & the Watergate Scandal broke
Richard Nixon resigned rather than face impeachment

40. Gerald Ford Appointed President after Nixon resigned
He pardoned Nixon because he wanted the nation to heal and move on!
First person to be president who was not elected!

41. Big Events of the ’80s & ’90s

42. Apartheid ends in South Africa in 1989-90
Nelson Mandela becomes the 1st Black President of South Africa

44. U.S. depended on oil in the Middle East so peace was necessary
PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)- Palestinian (Arab) army that opposed Israel
During the Cold War, the Soviets backed the Arabs because the U.S. supported Israel
U.S. depended on oil in the Middle East so peace was necessary
Carter tried to bring peace to the region in the Camp David Accords
Yassir Arafat,
leader of PLO
Egyptian Pres. Anwar al-Sadat, Jimmy Carter, & Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin at Camp David

45. Iran Ayatollah Khomeni, took power from the Shah of Iran
Iran hostage crisis- American hostages were taken from the U.S. embassy to protest Carter allowing the Shah of Iran to come here for medical treatment
Hostages were released when Ronald Reagan was elected President

46. Jimmy Carter
Helped bring peace to some areas of the Middle East through the Camp David Accords
Iran hostage crisis
It was a “slap in the face” when the US hostages were release from Iran after he left the presidency

47. Ronald Reagan
Created “Star Wars” (Strategic Defense Initiative), an expensive missile defense system
Met with Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union… eventually Communism fell,

48. Iran-Contra Scandal, 1986
Congress banned support to the Contras of Nicaragua and the U.S. was to support the Sandinistas
Reagan’s aids sold missiles to the Iran & used the money to support the Contras
Oliver North was one of the central figures in this scandals

49. Tiananmen Square, 1989
Students demonstrating against the Chinese government were killed and arrested by the government
Economic sanctions were placed against China

50. Persian Gulf War, (Desert Storm) 1990-1991
Iraq invaded Kuwait
Quick war… few Americans killed

51. Famine in Ethiopia & Somalia

52. Important Recent Legislation to Remember
In Texas v. Johnson (1989), the Supreme Court ruled that flag burning is legal and protected by the 1st Amendment
1990 Americans with Disabilities Act- protects people with AIDS, mental & physical disabilities by requiring equal access to public transportation & public buildings (ex. Ramps for wheelchairs, Braille); protects disabled from discrimination in employment
1998 Microsoft was sued by the U.S. Justice Department for being a monopoly (did not have to break up, but they were convicted of violating anti-trust laws)
26th Amendment- lowered voting age from 21 to 18
27th Amendment- pay raises for Congress had to be implemented the next year

53. Economic Policies Nixon- “stagflation” (unemployment & inflation)
Ford- cut billions from the U.S. budget & raised taxes on corporations
Carter- oil crisis; created Department of Energy to conserve energy & research new power sources
Reagan- “Reaganomics”; “trickledown” economics theory, stated that if corporations had tax cuts, the savings would reach the common people
Reagan cut social programs to pay for heavy defense spending to scare the Soviets into ending the Cold War
Clinton- signed NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) to promote trade throughout North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico) by ending tariffs; increased trade by $100 billion

54. Current Political Trends
Left (liberal)
(Democrats)
Moderates
Right (conservative)
(Republicans)
Women’s right to choose to have an abortion
Support gun control
Support social programs, which requires “big government”
Oppose abortion
Oppose gun control
Power should be taken from the federal government & given to the states

55. Politics in the 1980s-1990s
Christians fundamentalists & other conservatives united to support Reagan in the 1980 Pres. election
Called themselves the “Moral Majority”
1988
Bush
Conservative
1980
Reagan
Conservative
2000
G. W. Bush
Conservative
1992
Clinton
Liberal Policies
Republican fiscal responsibility

56. Do they know it's Christmas
Do they know it's Christmas? It's Christmastime, there's no need to be afraid At Christmastime, we let in light and we banish shade And in our world of plenty we can spread a smile of joy Throw your arms around the world at Christmastime But say a prayer, pray for the other ones At Christmastime it's hard, but when you're having fun There's a world outside your window, and it's a world of dread and fear Where the only water flowing is the bitter sting of tears And the Christmas bells that ring there are the clanging chimes of doom Well tonight thank God it's them instead of you And there won't be snow in Africa this Christmastime The greatest gift they'll get this year is life (Oooh) Where nothing ever grows No rain or rivers flow Do they know it's Christmastime at all? Here's to you raise a glass for everyone Here's to them underneath that burning sun Do they know it's Christmastime at all? Feed the world Feed the world Feed the world Let them know it's Christmastime again Feed the world Let them know it's Christmastime again
We Are The World There comes a time when we heed a certain call when the world must come together as one. There are people dying and it´s time to lend a hand to life, the greatest gift of all. We can´t go on pretending day by day that someone, somewhere will soon make a change. We are a part of God´s great big family and the truth, you know, love is all we need. Refrain: We are the world, we are the children, we are the ones who make a brighter day, so let´s start giving. There´s a choice we´re making, we´re saving our lives, it´s true we make a better day, just you and me! Send me your heart, so they know that someone cares and their lives will be stronger and free. As God has shown us by turning stone to bread so we all must lend a helping hand. When you´re down and out there seems no hope at all but if you just believe, there´s no way we can fall. Oh, let us realize that a change can only come when we stand together as one,as one. Refrain: We are the world, ...

57. We Didn’t Start the Fire, Billy Joel
Harry Truman, Doris Day, Red China, Johnny Ray, South Pacific, Walter Winchell, Joe DiMaggio, Joe McCarthy, Richard Nixon, Studebaker, Television, North Korea, South Korea, Marilyn Monroe, Rosenbergs, H Bomb, Sugar Ray, Panmunjom, Brando, The King And I, and The Catcher In The Rye, Eisenhower, Vaccine, England's got a new queen, Maciano, Liberace, Santayana goodbye
We didn't start the fire, It was always burning, since the world's been turning
We didn't start the fire, No we didn't light it, But we tried to fight it
Joseph Stalin, Malenkov, Nasser and Prokofiev, Rockefeller, Campanella, Communist Bloc Roy Cohn, Juan Peron, Toscanini, Dancron, Dien Bien Phu Falls, Rock Around the Clock Einstein, James Dean, Brooklyn's got a winning team, Davy Crockett, Peter Pan, Elvis Presley, Disneyland, Bardot, Budapest, Alabama, Khrushchev, Princess Grace, Peyton Place, Trouble in the Suez Little Rock, Pasternak, Mickey Mantle, Kerouac, Sputnik, Chou En-Lai, Bridge On The River Kwai, Lebanon, Charles de Gaulle, California baseball, Starkwether, Homicide, Children of Thalidomide, Buddy Holly, Ben Hur, Space Monkey, Mafia, Hula Hoops, Castro, Edsel is a no-go, U2, Syngman Rhee, payola and Kennedy, Chubby Checker, Psycho, Belgians in the Congo Hemingway, Eichman, Stranger in a Strange Land, Dylan, Berlin, Bay of Pigs invasion, Lawrence of Arabia, British Beatlemania, Ole Miss, John Glenn, Liston beats Patterson , Pope Paul, Malcolm X, British Politician sex, J.F.K. blown away, what else do I have to say Birth control, Ho Chi Minh, Richard Nixon back again, Moonshot, Woodstock, Watergate, punk rock, Begin, Reagan, Palestine, Terror on the airline, Ayatollah's in Iran, Russians in Afghanistan, Wheel of Fortune, Sally Ride, heavy metal, suicide, Foreign debts, homeless Vets, AIDS, Crack, Bernie Goetz, Hypodermics on the shores, China's under martial law, Rock and Roller cola wars, I can't take it anymore

58. Sandra Day O’Connor, first female Supreme Court Justice (1981)
Ruth Ginsburg, 1993

59. Clarence Thomas, second Black Supreme Court Justice, 1991
Anita Hill accused him of sexual harassment