1. Principles of Disease Control Chapter 5

2. OBJECTIVES Clarify principles of disease control

3. 1.Avoidance/Exclusion i.Quarantine and Inspection ii.Evasion or avoidance of pathogen iii.Use of pathogen free propagating material 2.Eradication i.Host eradication ii.Sanitation iii.Crop rotation 3.Protection I.Biological control II.Chemical control 4.Resistant Principles of Disease Control

4. To prevent the import and spread of plant pathogens into areas from which they are absent Quarantine and Inspection Evasion or avoidance of pathogen Use of pathogen free propagating material AVOIDANCE / EXCLUSION

5. Regulations controlling the import and export of plants to prevent spread of disease and pest The Agricultural Pests and Noxious Plants (Import/Export) Regulations 1981 –govern the import of plants, plants products, insects and microorganisms into Malaysia Each state is responsible for enforcing quarantine regulations to prevent the spread of pests and diseases within the state. 1. Quarantine and Inspection

6. Inspection of Plants/Insects at Legal Entry Checkpoint. All planting materials, plant product, insects etc which is prohibited materials subjected to inspection at the entry checkpoint and if found infested or diseases shall be treated, quarantine or destroyed Air (KLIA, Subang Airport, Senai Airport) Road (JB, Padang Besar, Chanloon, Rantau Panjang)

7. Grow the plant in the area or environment that unsuitable for the growth of pathogen. Plant a susceptible crop at a great distance from other fields containing possible disease. 2. Evasion or avoidance of pathogen

8. Use a pathogen- free seed Growing the crop in an area that Free or isolated from the pathogen Not suitable for the vector of the pathogen 3. Use of pathogen free propagating material

9. To reduce amount of pathogen present in an area, on a plant or on a plant part Host eradication Sanitation Crop rotation ERADICATION

10. Remove or burn all of the infected host plant Remove alternate host for the pathogen 1. Host eradication

11. Wash hands before handling certain kinds of plant such as tomato Frequently disinfesting knives used to cut propagative stock such as potato tubers 2. Sanitation

12. The practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons Crop rotation also seeks to balance the fertility demands of various crops to avoid excessive depletion of soil nutrients 3. Crop rotation

13. Protect the plant directly from any infection that are likely to arrive. Biological control Chemical control PROTECTION

14. The process to reduce or control the pest level by using another micro-organism Use antagonistic microorganism – microorganism that antagonist to the pathogen The microorganism will destroy and inhibit the growth of pathogen. Environmentally friendly method. 1. Biological control

15. Application of chemical compounds that are toxic to the pathogen Inhibit germination, multiplication and growth of the pathogen. 2. Chemical control

16. Possessing qualities that hinder the development of a given pathogen Use genetic engineering technique Insert the plants with genes that code for production of enzymes or toxin that could interfere pathogen infection. RESISTANT

17. Disease Control Method Avoidanc e/Exclusi on Quarantine and Inspection The Agricultural Pests and Noxious Plants (Import/Export) Regulations 1981 Inspection of Plants/Insects at Legal Entry Checkpoint Evasion or avoidance of pathogen Grow plant in area that unfavourable for pathogen and Grow plant in area away from disease area n in the Use of pathogen free propagating material Use a pathogen- free seed Growing the crop in an area that Free or isolated from the pathogen Not suitable for the vector of the pathogen

18. Disease Control Method EradicationHost eradication Remove or burn all of the infected host plant Remove alternate host for the pathogen SanitationWash hands before handling certain kinds of plant such as tomato Frequently disinfesting knives used to cut propagative stock such as potato tubers Crop rotation The practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons Crop rotation also seeks to balance the fertility demands of various crops to avoid excessive depletion of soil nutrients

19. Disease Control Method ProtectionBiological control Use antagonistic microorganism Chemical control Application of chemical compounds that are toxic to the pathogen Resistant Possessing qualities that hinder the development of a given pathogen Use genetic engineering technique Insert the plants with genes that code for production of enzymes or toxin that could interfere pathogen infection.