1. www.BioEdOnline.org Leucaena leucocephala Lead tree Classification What we use to classify organisms Naming - Binomial Nomenclature Two part name (Genus, species) Organizing - Hierarchical Classification Seven Taxonomic Catagories Taxonomic categories KingdomKing PhylumPhilip ClassCame OrderOver FamilyFor GenusGood SpeciesSoup Systematics Study of the evolution of biological diversity

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3. Carolus von Linnaeus (1707-1778) Swedish scientist who laid the foundation for modern taxonomy Binomial Nomenclature Carolus von Linnaeus Two-word naming system Genus Noun, Capitalized, Underlined or Italicized Species Descriptive, Lower Case, Underlined or Italicized But why LATIN?

4. www.BioEdOnline.org Kingdoms and Domains BacteriaArchaeaEukarya BacteriaArchaeaProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimalia MoneraProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimalia The three-domain system The six-kingdom system The traditional five-kingdom system (LAME!)

5. www.BioEdOnline.org More on Kingdoms and Domains Bacteria (true bacteria)  most common Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria) EXTREMES! Ancestors of Eukaryotes! Eucaryota Protista (Protoctista) Not Animalia(no blastula) Not Plantae (embryo within maternal tissue) Not Fungi (no spores) and have cilia and flagella Not Monerans (have nucleated cell, live in water, formed from symbiogenesis Fungi, Plantae and Animalia…..

6. www.BioEdOnline.org Three Domains (Superkingdoms) Of Living Organisms I. Bacteria (19): Most of the Known Prokaryotes Division (Phylum) Proteobacteria: N-Fixing Bacteria Division (Phylum) Cyanobacteria: Blue-Green Bacteria Division (Phylum) Eubacteria: True Gram Posive Bacteria Division (Phylum) Spirochetes: Spiral Bacteria Division (Phylum) Chlamydiae: Intracellular Parasites II. Archaea (16): Prokaryotes of Extreme Environments Kingdom Crenarchaeota: Thermophiles Kingdom Euryarchaeota: Methanogens & Halophiles Kingdom Korarchaeota: Some Hot Springs Microbes III. Eukarya (35): Eukaryotic Cells Kingdom Protista (Protoctista) Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

7. www.BioEdOnline.org Systematics: Evolutionary Classification of Organisms Systematics is the study of the evolution of biological diversity, and combines data from the following areas. Fossil record (we know about these) Comparative homologies (including vestigial structures) Cladistics Comparative sequencing of DNA/RNA among organisms Molecular clocks These categories are where we derive evidence for evolution!

8. www.BioEdOnline.org Cladistics Uses evolutionary relationships between groups to construct family tree using Principle of Parsimony Relationships shown by analyzing ancestral (primitive) and derived characters. Primitive: common to all members of the group Doesn’t help with relationships Derived: appear in some members of the group. Clues to evolutionary relationships

9. www.BioEdOnline.org Comparative Sequencing of DNA/RNA First: Compared protein similarities (pre 1970) Then: DNA hybridization Measures similarities of DNA of different species Suggested more similarities between chimp and human rather than orangutan or gorilla Now: DNA sequencing Done since the 80s Can’t answer all the questions. Need other lines of evidence as well.

10. www.BioEdOnline.org Molecular Clocks Assumption: some evolutionary changes occur in a reliable clock-like fashion. Over the course of millions of years, mutations may build up in any given stretch of DNA at a reliable rate. RESULT: When a stretch of DNA can be used as a molecular clock, it becomes a powerful tool for estimating the dates of lineage- splitting events.

11. www.BioEdOnline.org Taxonomic Diagrams MammalsTurtlesLizards and Snakes CrocodilesBirdsMammalsTurtlesLizards and Snakes CrocodilesBirds CladogramPhylogenetic Tree

12. www.BioEdOnline.org Phylogeny Phylogenies trace patterns of shared ancestry between lineages Similarly, each lineage has common ancestors.

13. www.BioEdOnline.org Clades and Cladograms Grouping that includes a common ancestor and all the descendents (living and extinct) of that ancestor. Using a phylogeny, it is easy to tell if a group of lineages forms a clade.

14. www.BioEdOnline.org Nested Hierarchies Groups of related organisms share sets of similar characteristics The number of shared traits increases with relatedness. Snakes and lizards more closely related to one another than to the other animals represented. However, at a more inclusive level, snakes, lizards, birds, crocodiles, whales, camels, chimpanzees and humans all share some common traits since they have a common ancestor.

15. www.BioEdOnline.org Viruses Not in any kingdom No membrane-bound organelles No ribosomes (organelle site of protein synthesis), No cytoplasm (living contents of a cell), No source of energy production of their own. No self-maintenance metabolic reactions of living systems. Viruses lack cellular respiration, ATP- production, gas exchange, etc. Do reproduce, but at the expense of the host cell. Only capable of reproduction within living cells.