1. Section 2.8 The New Monarchies

2. Monarchs begin to crack Feudalism Guarantee protection of law Heredity viewed favorably –Bourgeoisie (town people) Begin to tax –Pay for large armies –feudal law and custom Incorporate Roman Law for prestige –title of majesty and sovereign

3. Question: What would Machiavelli think of the New Monarchs?

4. Origins, Nature, and Accomplishments England’s New Monarchy Parliament controlled by feudal lords (blocked consolidation) Tudors (of York) emerge victorious after War of Roses War of Roses –Between houses of York and Lancaster Had slowed trade, agriculture, industry York Lancaster

5. England’s New Monarchy Henry VII (1485-1509) –Passed laws against livery and maintenance –Weakens Barons Lords prevented from maintaining private armies and wearing livery (family insignia) –Passed laws favoring upper middle class Trade, money interests Star Chamber –King’s private council –No jury present –Ignore parliament –Decided property disputes, disturbances of peace –Accepted because it kept order

6. Clip for History of Britain on War of the Roses

7. France’s New Monarchy Charles VII (1422-1461) and Louis XI of Valois Family –Charles expelled English in 1453 Except Calais –Reorganized royal council Gave more power to middle class –Built up royal army Established regular companies of cavalry, archers (paid by king) –Controlled taxes Gabelle (salt tax) and Taille (land tax) –Controlled clergy Concordat of Bologna –Rescinded Pragmatic Sanction (1438) »Had denied Pope revenue –Pope receives annates ($ from French clergymen) –Louis gets to appoint bishops and abbots

8. Spain’s New Monarchy Aragon and Castile –Ferdinand and Isabella unite Spain through marriage –True unifying force was Catholicism Crusade against Moors Inquisition served as unifying legal force Catholicism viewed as Spanishness –Reconquesta-Jews and Moors expelled in 1492 »Moriscos (Muslim converts) and Marranos (Jewish converts) were viewed as “unfaithful” »Inquisition tortured thousands –Spain emerges as “defender of the faith” Exports Catholicism to New World Crusade mentality permeates society

9. Holy Roman Empire’s New Monarchy Comprised of 3 States Princely States- hereditary dynasties (Brandenburg) Ecclesiastical- Abbacies (owned vast amounts of territory) Imperial Free Cities- (about 50) bourgeoisie dominated Imperial Knights-lords of small estates (loyal to HRE) –Emperor Elected by Princes (fiercely independent/jealous) By 1452 had dwindled to 7 electors –Elected Hapsburgs from Austria Rule until 1806 Rise of Hapsburgs –Maximilian I (1493-1519) marries heiress of Burgundy and Netherlands –Their Son Philip marries Joanna of Spain (heiress to Ferdinand and Isabella) –Their son Charles I inherits Austria, Netherlands, Burgundy, Spain, New World Elected HRE in 1519 as Charles V –His brother Ferdinand in elected King of Bohemia and Hungary Fear of Universal Monarchy spreads –Results in Balance of Power Charles V

10. Stage is Set for Revolution Image of Church greatly diminished Few reform-minded leaders in Church Monarchs are centralizing power Fear of Universal Monarchy ushers in new allies