1. The Wars of Religion 1530s-1648 “These are days of shaking and this shaking is universal.”

2. Three Key Issues 1. After the challenges of the Reformation, there are great questions about personal spirituality.

5. 2. Rulers who had been getting stronger since the end of the Medieval try and control the religion of those inside their country. 3. Countries go to war- civil and foreign- to force others to conform to THEIR version of faith.

6. Germany Peasants War 1524 1540s- civil war between Catholic and Protestant princes Resolved by Peace of Augsburg 1555 Cuius regio, cuius religio A temporary solution

8. Switzerland Fighting between cantons in 1529 and 1531. Peace allows each canton to select own religion, but Protestantism becomes the dominant religion of Switzerland.

9. England Edward VI Mary (of Bloody fame)

11. Elizabeth is a politique Toleration; “I have no desire to make windows into men’s souls.” Protestant theology with Catholic ritual. But Spain plans to invade England and reclaim it for the true Church. So she leads England to a defeat of Spain after the destruction of the Armada and saves Protestantism in England.

12. The Spanish Empire in Europe

13. Philip II Gets the Spanish and Dutch parts Has all that New World $ And a VERY strong faith Builds Escorial

15. He Uses Inquisition in Spain Tries to deal with revolt in Netherlands, but Spain will lose it and it will become an independent PROTESTANT country. Marries Mary Tudor Tries to marry Elizabeth Tudor Eventually goes to war with England But overextends, and Spain’s power begins ro fade

16. France’s Wars of Religion 1562-1593 Huguenots (calvinists) One roi, foi and loi Religious issues Political issues Family Issues

17. An effort at reconciliation in 1572. Arranged marriage between Henry Navarre and Margaret of Valois. But……St Bartholomew's Day Massacre August 24, 1572

19. Henry Navarre Wins He is a Bourbon, so a new ruling family He is a Huguenot But converts to become king “Paris is worth a mass!” Henry IV is a politique Edict of Nantes 1598

20. Everyone together now 30 Years War 1618-1648 Starts in Germany as Protestant vs. Catholic

22. Eventually….. Involves all of Europe including Denmark and Sweden Becomes Catholic vs. Catholic. It is no longer religious but political Treaty of Westphalia

23. Bottom Line Role of religion changes In 1558, Protestantism was illegal in all of Western Europe In 1558, Protestantism was illegal in all of Western Europe In 1648, Protestantism is the state religion of Scotland, England and the Dutch Republic, and only forbidden in Italy and Spain In 1648, Protestantism is the state religion of Scotland, England and the Dutch Republic, and only forbidden in Italy and Spain It is a personal choice not the center of life Spain loses power but remains a strong Catholic state. Netherlands is separate Germany is divided France and England are very powerful Politiques are successful!