1. Open and Closed Loops Standard Grade Computing Studies

2. Sensors Infra Red Heat Pressure CLOSED LOOPS (=sensors + feedback) The devices at the other end are OUTPUT DEVICES System Alarms Lights Motors System Sensors are INPUT DEVICES

3. Sensors Infra Red Heat Pressure CLOSED LOOPS (=sensors + feedback)

4. Sensors Infra Red Heat Pressure feedback CLOSED LOOPS (=sensors + feedback)

5. Sensors Infra Red Heat Pressure feedback Microprocessor: (decision) CLOSED LOOPS (=sensors + feedback)

6. Sensors Infra Red Heat Pressure feedback Microprocessor: (decision) Control Signal

7. Sensors Infra Red Heat Pressure feedback Microprocessor: (decision) Control Signal

9. Sensors feedback

10. Sensors feedback Microprocessor: (decision) In box at side of traffic lights

11. Sensors feedback Microprocessor: (decision) In box at side of traffic lights

12. Sensors feedback Microprocessor: (decision) In box at side of traffic lights Control signal changes lights Driver sees signal to make CLOSED LOOP

13. End Effector (Gives adaptability) Degrees of freedom 10// This is a simple program 20REPEAT 30UNTIL INPUT 2 IS ON 40SWITCH OUTPUT 3 ON 50REPEAT 60UNTIL INPUT 1 IS ON 70SWITCH OUTPUT 3 OFF 80END Control Program (to run the robot) Stored in ROM

14. 10// This is a simple program 20REPEAT 30UNTIL INPUT 2 IS ON 40SWITCH OUTPUT 3 ON 50REPEAT 60UNTIL INPUT 1 IS ON 70SWITCH OUTPUT 3 OFF 80END Control Program (to run the robot) Stored in ROM 01101000101010101010 10100101001010101010 01010010101110101010 10101000101010001000 10101001010011110101 00010010001010100100 10010000101000100101 00011010010101000010 Translated into machine cod A system which has its software built into a micro processor is an example of embedded technology

15. Digital signals - pulses Analogue signals - continuous The analogue signals of the real world have to be changed into digital signals of the computers world

16. 10// This is a simple program 20REPEAT 30UNTIL INPUT 2 IS ON 40SWITCH OUTPUT 3 ON 50REPEAT 60UNTIL INPUT 1 IS ON 70SWITCH OUTPUT 3 OFF 80END Different ways to program machines 1 2 3