1. The beginning of Western Civilization
Persia and Greece
The beginning of Western Civilization

2. The Persian Empire

3. Cyrus the Great
A tolerant ruler  he allowed different cultures within his empire to keep their own institutions.
The Greeks called him a “Law-Giver.”
The Jews called him “the anointed of the Lord.” (In 537, he allowed over 40,000 to return to Palestine).
580 – 529 B. C. E.

4. Darius the Great (526 – 485 B. C. E.)
Built Persepolis.
He extended the Persian Empire to the Indus River in northern India. (2 mil. s.q. mi.)

5. Darius the Great (526 – 485 B. C. E.)
Established a tax-collecting system.
Divided the empire into districts called SATRAPIES.
Built the great Royal Road system.
Established a complex postal system.
Created a network of spies called “the King’s eyes and ears.”

6. Ancient Persepolis

7. Persian “Royal Road”

8. Persian Archers & Soldiers

9. Zarathustra [Zoroaster], 6c BCE: Good Thoughts, Good Deed, Good Words
“Tree of Life”

10. Extent of Zoroastrianism

11. Zend-Avesta (The “Book of Law”)
The “Sacred Fire”  the force to fight evil.

12. Greece

13. The Geography of Greece

14. Archaic
Greece:
1650 BCE BCE

15. Bronze Age Greece

16. Crete: Minoan Civilization (Palace at Knossos)

17. Knossos: Minoan Civilization

18. The Mask of Agamemnon

19. "Hellenic"
(Classical)
Greece:
700 BCE BCE

20. The Greek City-State
The Polis

21. Characteristics Acropolis – Literally “fortified hill”
Agora – meeting/marketplace of the polis
Fields, orchards, pastures, etc surrounded the polis.
Each polis had its own ruler
Greek language and religious beliefs

22. ATHENS: Yesterday & Today

23. SPARTA and ATHENS

24. SPARTA
Helots  Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.

25. Sparta and Athens (Origins)
Descended from Dorians. Conquered Laconia and made Sparta capital.
“A city is well fortified which has a wall of men instead of brick.”
Athens
Descended from Mycenaeans. Built inland and became sea traders because of the area is rocky, salty, and generally unproductive for agriculture

26. Sparta and Athens (Social Classes)
Citizens-Controlled the city of Sparta
Helots-City owned slaves
Perioeci-Free individuals who worked for the Spartans as merchants and artisans
Athens
Citizens-Initially males whose father and maternal grandfather had been citizens. (Non-landowning citizens could not vote).
By 507 BCE, all free Athenian males are citizens
Metics-Free non-slave foreigners

27. Sparta and Athens (Government)
Set up in 800’s BCE
2 Kings - joint rule
Council of Elders 28 men over age 60>that proposed laws
Assembly Males over 30
Athens
After the age of kings-aristocrats who voted 9 archons (rulers) to serve for 1 year
Judges – Nobles who interpret & apply laws (Favored nobles)

28. Sparta and Athens (Laws and Regulation)
Prohibited gold and silver-believed people would want luxury goods
Currency was heavy iron bars
Strict discipline stressed throughout
Athens
Only citizens with certain amount of land could vote
Draco – Harsh written law code
Cleisthenes – Direct democracy . Ostracons-6000 = ostracism.

29. Sparta and Athens (Philosophy, Education, & Morals & Values
Assets only-weak or impaired infants left on hillside
Males enter military at age 7
Females marry at 19 and must be healthy
Athens
Birthplace of democracy – 4 Reformers
Males educated from Studied rhetoric.
Females-no formal education. Married by 13 or 14 (2X their age)

30. Sparta and Athens (Culture, Arts, etc)
No attention paid to arts, education, literature, etc due to military nature of Sparta. People expected to follow the state and forgo personal rights and freedoms
Athens
Sound mind and body
Built public buildings on a grand scale. Live modesty but support community
Valued simple grace & beauty. Perfection. Education valued

31. Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

32. Greek Hoplites

33. Greek Phalanx

34. Persian Wars: Famous Battles
Marathon (490 BCE)
26 miles from Athens
Thermopylae (480 BCE)
300 Spartans at the Mountain pass
Salamis (480 BCE)
Athenian navy victorious

35. Marathon 490 BCE

36. Thermoplyae 480 BCE

37. Thermistocles’ Wooden Wall

38. Golden “Age of Pericles”: 460 BCE – 429 BCE

39. Great Athenian Philosophers
Socrates
Know thyself!
question everything
only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness.
Plato
The Academy
The world of the FORMS
The Republic  philosopher-king

40. Great Athenian Philosophers
Aristotle
The Lyceum
“Golden Mean” [everything in moderation].
Logic.
Scientific method.

41. Athens: The Arts & Sciences
DRAMA (tragedians):
Aeschylus
Sophocles
Euripides
THE SCIENCES:
Pythagoras
Democritus  all matter made up of small atoms.
Hippocrates  “Father of Medicine”

42. Phidias’ Acropolis

43. The Acropolis Today

44. The Parthenon

45. The Agora

46. The Classical Greek “Ideal”

47. Olympia

48. The Ancient Olympics: Athletes & Trainers

49. Olympia: Temple to Hera

50. Peloponnesian Wars

51. Macedonia Under Philip II

52. "Hellenistic"
Greece:
324 BCE BCE

53. Alexander the Great

54. Alexander the Great’s Empire

55. Alexander the Great in Persia

56. The Hellenization of Asia

57. Hellenistic Philosophers
Cynics  Diogenes
ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries.
citizens of the world.
live a humble, simple life.
Epicurians  Epicurus
avoid pain & seek pleasure.
all excess leads to pain!
politics should be avoided.

58. Hellenistic Philosophers
Stoics  Zeno
nature is the expansion of divine will.
concept of natural law.
get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all.
true happiness is found in great achievements.

59. Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences
Scientists / Mathematicians:
Aristarchus  heliocentric theory.
Euclid  geometry
Archimedes  pulley
Hellenistic Art:
More realistic; less ideal than Hellenic art.
Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!

60. The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire