1. Dmytry Figueroa III World Studies

2. Main Idea  Several monarchies in Europe became linked with the Holy Roman Empire.

3.  The Holy Roman Empire ◦ Consists of modern Germany, Switzerland, Austria, eastern France, and northern Italy. ◦ The Empire lasted, in one form or another, for about 1,000 years, beginning with the crowning of Charlemagne in 800. ◦ The Hapsburgs, who gained power in Austria in the late 1200s, came to dominate the Holy Roman Empire.

4.  The Growth of Hapsburg Influence ◦ Dynasties such as the Hapsburgs could expand their influences in three ways: through marriage, military campaigns, and inheritances, (or the receiving of something from a family member or someone else when that person dies.) ◦ In the late 1400s, Emperor Maximilian I used all three methods to increase Hapsburg power. ◦ The Spanish connection was strengthened when his son Philip married Juana, the daughter of Spain’s King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella.

5.  The Reign of Charles V ◦ Throughout Charles V’s reign, he was expected to keep the Roman Catholic faith in Europe. He found that the Reformation had severely damaged the scope of the Roman Catholic Church. ◦ Charles V gave up his position as Holy Roman Emperor in 1556. ◦ He left Spain, the Netherlands, southern Italy, and Spanish America to his son Philip II.

6. Main Idea  Although King Philip II believed he ruled Spain with complete authority, his power proved to be limited.

7.  Philip II and Rule by Divine Right ◦ By nature Philip II, who also ruled Portugal as Philip I, had strict and severe. ◦ He ruled in absolute monarchy, or a monarchy in which ruler is not limited by a constitution or law. ◦ Philip II was also a strong ruler of the Roman Catholic faith. He was determined not only to root out here but to restore Roman Catholicism whenever he could.

8.  The Revolt of the Netherlands ◦ The Netherlands was an area, not a unified state in the late 1500s. ◦ The Netherlands were ruled by Spain. ◦ The Dutch people of the Netherlands were unified in their hatred of Philip II’s rule. ◦ In 1566, a group of Protestant and Roman Catholic Dutch nobles urged Philip to ban the Inquisition from the Netherlands.

9. Main Idea  Fighting between the English and Spanish fleets marked a climax in the conflict between England and Spain.

10.  Roman Catholics and Protestants ◦ One of the most important challenges faced by Queen Elizabeth I was to prevent religious conflict from tearing England apart. ◦ During the 16 th century, England gradually rejected Roman Catholicism and Calvinism, or the religion of the Calvinists. ◦ In the 1550s, Mary Tudor’s short marriage to Philip II of Spain increased religious tension. ◦ Mary was charged with treason, which is an act of betrayal against one’s country. Elizabeth signed an order for her execution in early 1587.

11.  The Defeat of the Spanish Armada ◦ Spanish ships were first sighted off the southwestern coast of England in late July. ◦ After several small battles in the English Channel, the Spanish Armada anchored at the French port of Calais. ◦ The defeat of the Armada in 1588 ensured independence for both England and the Netherlands.

13. Main Idea  Clashes between French Protestants and Roman Catholics in the late 1500s threatened to tear France apart.

14.  Religious Conflict ◦ In the 1500s, French Protestants, or Huguenots, were especially numerous among the nobility. ◦ After the death of King Henry II in 1559, his widow Catherine de Médicis ruled France as regent for the couple’s sons, who were too young to rule. ◦ During the period from 1560 to 1600, there were at least nine civil wars in France.

15.  Henry IV and Cardinal Richelieu ◦ The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre led to a period of even more violent civil war. ◦ In 1598, King Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed basic civil rights and some religious freedoms for French Protestants. ◦ In 1610, Henry IV was succeeded by his nine-year- old son, Louis XIII.

16. Main Idea  The long reign of Louis XIV brought France to a peak of political and cultural influences throughout Europe.

17.  The Great Monarch ◦ Louis XIII died in 1643, and left his young son and heir who was just five years old. ◦ Louis XIV’s government supervised military recruiting, training, supplies, and promotions. ◦ He cancelled the Edict of Nantes in 1685, and many Protestants left France so they would not have to become Catholic.

18.  A Grand Palace ◦ Just like many other monarchs, Louis XIV constructed a large new palace named Versailles, built with hundreds of rooms stunningly furnished with tapestries, chandeliers, and dazzling mirrors. ◦ The king’s wealth and power became the envy of Europe. ◦ In a popular phrase, Louis XIV was described as the “Sun King,” the source of all life and slender.

19.  Arts and Culture Under Louis XIV ◦ The arts during Louis XIV’s reign are considered to represent the peak of the Baroque style. ◦ The literature and paintings of the period are often described as neoclassical, or a revival of classical style and form. ◦ Outstanding French painters during Louis’ reign included Nicolas Poussin, who specialized in biblical and classical Greek and Roman subjects, and Claude Lorrain, whose greatest work was in landscapes.

20. Main Idea  Opposition to the foreign policy of Louis XIV, which called for almost constant war, prevented him from dominating all of Europe.

21.  Louis XIV’s Foreign Policy ◦ Louis attempted to expand the borders of France by waging war against the Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire. ◦ His most significant military campaign, though, was the War of the Spanish Succession, fought from 1702 to 1713. ◦ To preserve the balance of power, King William III of England formed the Grand Alliance of 1701 with the Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire.

22.  The Legacy of Louis XIV ◦ Louis XIV’s absolute monarchy ensured his country’s unification and made France one of Europe’s leading powers. ◦ Royal taxes on the peasants caused extreme hardship. Peasants and serfs lived on the verge of starvation. ◦ Louis XIV’s great-grandson; Louis XV, became heir to the throne after Louis XIV died in 1715.

24. Main Idea  The Thirty Years’ War caused devastation in central Europe and brought the Holy Roman Empire to an end as a political force.

25.  Germany and Civil War ◦ In 1612, Ferdinand II came to the throne of Bohemia, which is today the Czech Republic. ◦ The Thirty Years’ War in 1628 was a long and bloody conflict that spread from Bohemia and Germany all across Europe. ◦ The fighting later spread to the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, and Scandinavia- Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

26.  The Peace of Westphalia ◦ Negotiations for peace were renewed in 1640 but-- like the war itself- -they dragged on and on. ◦ It was not until 1648 that the parties could agree on terms and stop the conflict. ◦ The Peace of Westphalia divided the Holy Roman Empire into more than 300 separate and mostly independent states.

27. Main Idea  In northeastern Europe in the 1700s, Prussia rose to become an important military power.

28.  A Military State ◦ In the early 1600s, Prussia came under the control of the German state of Brandenburg. ◦ In 1701, as the War of the Spanish Succession was about to begin, the Hapsburg emperor asked Fredrick III, Frederick William’s successor, to supply 8,000 troops. ◦ By the end of Fredrick William’s reign, out of a population of about 100,000 in Berlin, 20,000 were soldiers.

29.  Fredrick the Great ◦ From 1740 until his death in 1786, Fredrick II, known as Fredrick the Great, ruled Prussia. ◦ Soon after becoming king, Fredrick boldly led the Prussian army southwards and conquered the region of Silesia, most of which lay in present day Poland. ◦ Enlightened despotism developed in the 1700s which is an absolute monarchy in which the ruler uses his or her power to bring about political and social changes that benefit his or her subjects.

30. Main Idea  In Russia, Peter the Great encouraged modernization and brought his country into closer contact with Europe.

31.  Peter the Great ◦ Russia’s development into an organized nation took place most rapidly under Peter I, known as Peter the Great. ◦ At the age of 25, Peter spent a year in western Europe, determined to bring the ideas and influence of western Europe to his own country. ◦ In economics, Peter the Great adopted mercantilism, as Louis XIV’s minister Colbert had done in France.

32.  Catherine the Great ◦ In 1762, Catherine II-- who, like Peter, is known as the Great-- proclaimed herself Czarina. ◦ With Fredrick the Great and the Austrian empress Maria Theresa, she divided Poland. ◦ Soon afterwards in that region, the Russians founded the seaport of Odessa.

34. Main Idea  The policies of two kings of England, James I and Charles I, put these monarchs in opposition to Parliament.

35.  James I and Rule by Divine Right ◦ James I was far less skillful than Elizabeth had been at balancing conflicting interests. ◦ James claimed that he ruled by divine right which he had written a book entitled True Law of Free Monarchy where he argued that monarchs ought to be free from the interference of Parliament. ◦ During James’ reign, the Bible was translated into English which was also called the King James Version.

36.  Charles I and Civil War ◦ Charles I, James’s son, succeeded him in 1625. ◦ Through inheritance, Charles I was also king of Scotland. ◦ The English Civil War broke out in 1642. ◦ In 1649, some members of Parliament tried the king for treason and Charles was beheaded, which at the time was quite extraordinary.

37.  Oliver Cromwell and the Commonwealth ◦ After the execution of Charles I, Oliver Cromwell ruled England as a republic called a Commonwealth. ◦ During his rule, harsh campaigns were carried out against Irish Roman Catholics. ◦ Charles I’s son, who has spent 11 years in France, returned to England in 1660 as Charles II.

38. Main Idea  The Glorious Revolution of 1688 limited the powers of the monarchy and resulted in the creation of the English Bill of Rights.

39.  Charles II and the Restoration ◦ During the Restoration, the common name for this period, there was a departure from the strict, severe style of the Puritan Commonwealth. ◦ Parliament responded by passing the Test Act in 1673. ◦ After Charles’s death in 1685, his brother became king and ruled as James II.

40.  The Glorious Revolution and the English Bill of Rights ◦ Soon after coming to power, James II appointed many Roman Catholic officials. ◦ In 1688, Parliament offered the English throne to William of Orange in the Netherlands, who was married to James’s daughter Mary. ◦ In 1689, when William III and Mary officially took the throne, Parliament approved the Bill of Rights.

41.  Change in English ◦ The result of the English Bill of Rights was that a person called the prime minister would be chosen by the leading party in Parliament. ◦ At the time that Parliament approved the English Bill of Rights and William and Mary agreed to the terms, and English philosopher named John Locke wrote about the rights of English subjects. ◦ In 1701, Parliament passed the Act of Settlement, declaring that no Roman Catholic could be king of England.