1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-1 Chapter Nine: Plant and Intangible Assets

2. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-2 Long-lived assets acquired for use in business operations. Similar to long-term prepaid expenses The cost of plant assets is the advance purchase of services. As years pass, and the services are used, the cost is transferred to depreciation expense. Plant Assets

3. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-3 Major Categories of Plant Assets

4. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-4  Acquisition.  Allocation of the acquisition cost to expense over the asset’s useful life (depreciation).  Sale or disposal.  Acquisition.  Allocation of the acquisition cost to expense over the asset’s useful life (depreciation).  Sale or disposal. Accountable Events

5. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-5 Asset price... for getting the asset to the desired location.... for getting the asset ready for use. Cost Acquisition of Plant Assets = Reasonable and necessary costs... +

6. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-6 On May 4, Heat Co., a stove maker, buys a new machine from Supply Co. The new machine has a price of $52,000. Sales tax is 8%. Heat Co. pays $500 shipping cost to get the machine to its plant. After the machine arrives, set-up costs of $1,300 are incurred, along with $4,000 in testing costs. Compute the cost of Heat Co.’s new machine. On May 4, Heat Co., a stove maker, buys a new machine from Supply Co. The new machine has a price of $52,000. Sales tax is 8%. Heat Co. pays $500 shipping cost to get the machine to its plant. After the machine arrives, set-up costs of $1,300 are incurred, along with $4,000 in testing costs. Compute the cost of Heat Co.’s new machine. Determining Cost

7. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-7 Determining Cost

8. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-8 Improvements to land such as driveways, fences, and landscaping are recorded separately. Cost includes real estate commissions, escrow fees, legal fees, clearing and grading the property. Land Improvements Land Special Considerations

9. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-9 Repairs made prior to the building being put in use are considered part of the building’s cost. Buildings Special Considerations Equipment Related interest, insurance, and property taxes are treated as expenses of the current period.

10. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-10 I think I’ll buy the whole thing; building, land, and contents. Special Considerations The allocation is based on the relative Fair Market Value of each asset purchased. The total cost must be allocated to separate accounts for each asset. Allocation of a Lump-Sum Purchase

11. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-11 Capital Expenditure Revenue Expenditure Any material expenditure that will benefit several accounting periods. To capitalize an expenditure means to charge it to an asset account. Expenditure for ordinary repairs and maintenance. To expense an expenditure means to charge it to an expense account. Capital Expenditures and Revenue Expenditures

12. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-12 The allocation of the cost of a plant asset to expense in the periods in which services are received from the asset. Cost of plant assets Balance Sheet Assets: Plant and equipment Assets: Plant and equipment Income Statement Revenues: Expenses: Depreciation Revenues: Expenses: Depreciation as the services are received Depreciation

13. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-13 Book Value oCost – Accumulated Depreciation Depreciation oContra-asset oRepresents the portion of an asset’s cost that has already been allocated to expense. Causes of Depreciation oPhysical deterioration oObsolescence Book Value oCost – Accumulated Depreciation Depreciation oContra-asset oRepresents the portion of an asset’s cost that has already been allocated to expense. Causes of Depreciation oPhysical deterioration oObsolescence Depreciation

14. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-14 Cost - Residual Value Years of Useful Life Depreciation Expense per Year = Straight-Line Depreciation

15. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-15 On January 1, 2006, Bass Co. buys new equipment. Bass pays a total of $24,000 for the equipment. The equipment has an estimated residual value of $3,000 and an estimated useful life of 5 years. Compute depreciation for 2006 using the straight-line method. On January 1, 2006, Bass Co. buys new equipment. Bass pays a total of $24,000 for the equipment. The equipment has an estimated residual value of $3,000 and an estimated useful life of 5 years. Compute depreciation for 2006 using the straight-line method. Straight-Line Depreciation

16. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-16 Bass Co. will record $4,200 depreciation each year for five years. Total depreciation over the estimated useful life of the equipment is: Salvage Value Straight-Line Depreciation

17. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-17 When an asset is acquired during the year, depreciation in the year of acquisition must be prorated. Half-Year Convention In the year of acquisition, record six months of depreciation. Half-Year Convention In the year of acquisition, record six months of depreciation. ½ ½ Depreciation for Fractional Periods

18. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-18 Half-Year Convention Using the half-year convention, calculate the straight-line depreciation on December 31, 2006, for equipment purchased in 2006. The equipment cost $75,000, has a useful life of 10 years and an estimated residual value of $5,000. Depreciation= ($75,000 - $5,000) ÷ 10 = $7,000 for a full year Depreciation = $7,000 × 1 / 2 = $3,500 Depreciation= ($75,000 - $5,000) ÷ 10 = $7,000 for a full year Depreciation = $7,000 × 1 / 2 = $3,500

19. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-19 Depreciation in the early years of an asset’s estimated useful life is higher than in later years. The double-declining balance depreciation rate is 200% of the straight-line depreciation rate of (1÷Useful Life). Declining-Balance Method

20. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-20 On January 1, 2006, Bass Co. buys a new delivery truck. Bass Co. pays $24,000 for the truck. The truck has an estimated residual value of $3,000 and an estimated useful life of 5 years. Compute depreciation for 2006 using the double- declining balance method. On January 1, 2006, Bass Co. buys a new delivery truck. Bass Co. pays $24,000 for the truck. The truck has an estimated residual value of $3,000 and an estimated useful life of 5 years. Compute depreciation for 2006 using the double- declining balance method. Declining-Balance Method

21. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-21 Compute depreciation for the rest of the truck’s estimated useful life. Declining-Balance Method Total depreciation over the estimated useful life of an asset is the same using either the straight-line method or the declining-balance method.

22. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-22 Estimates of Useful Life and Residual Value o May differ from company to company. o The reasonableness of management’s estimates is evaluated by external auditors. Principle of Consistency o Companies should avoid switching depreciation methods from period to period. Estimates of Useful Life and Residual Value o May differ from company to company. o The reasonableness of management’s estimates is evaluated by external auditors. Principle of Consistency o Companies should avoid switching depreciation methods from period to period. Financial Statement Disclosures

23. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-23 So depreciation is an estimate. Predicted salvage value Predicted useful life Over the life of an asset, new information may come to light that indicates the original estimates need to be revised. Revising Depreciation Rates

24. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-24 Revising Depreciation Rates On January 1, 2003, equipment was purchased that cost $30,000, has a useful life of 10 years and no salvage value. During 2006, the useful life was revised to 8 years total (5 years remaining). Calculate depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2006, using the straight-line method. On January 1, 2003, equipment was purchased that cost $30,000, has a useful life of 10 years and no salvage value. During 2006, the useful life was revised to 8 years total (5 years remaining). Calculate depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2006, using the straight-line method.

25. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-25 When our estimates change, depreciation is: Book value at date of change Salvage value at date of change Remaining useful life at date of change – Revising Depreciation Rates

26. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-26 If the cost of an asset cannot be recovered through future use or sale, the asset should be written down to its net realizable value. Impairment of Plant Assets

27. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-27 Update depreciation to the date of disposal. Recording cash received (debit). Removing accumulated depreciation (debit). Removing the asset cost (credit). Recording a gain (credit) or loss (debit). Recording a gain (credit) or loss (debit). Disposal of Plant and Equipment Journalize disposal by:

28. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-28 If Cash > BV, record a gain (credit). If Cash < BV, record a loss (debit). If Cash = BV, no gain or loss. If Cash > BV, record a gain (credit). If Cash < BV, record a loss (debit). If Cash = BV, no gain or loss. Recording cash received (debit). Removing accumulated depreciation (debit). Removing the asset cost (credit). Recording a gain (credit) or loss (debit). Recording a gain (credit) or loss (debit). Disposal of Plant and Equipment

29. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-29 On September 30, 2006, Evans Company sells a machine that originally cost $100,000 for $60,000 cash. The machine was placed in service on January 1, 2001. It has been depreciated using the straight-line method with an estimated salvage value of $20,000 and an estimated useful life of 10 years. Let’s answer the following questions. Disposal of Plant and Equipment

30. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-30 The amount of depreciation recorded on September 30, 2006, to bring depreciation up to date is: a.$8,000. b.$6,000. c.$4,000. d.$2,000. The amount of depreciation recorded on September 30, 2006, to bring depreciation up to date is: a.$8,000. b.$6,000. c.$4,000. d.$2,000. Annual Depreciation: ($100,000 - $20,000) ÷ 10 Yrs. = $8,000 Depreciation to Sept. 30: 9/12 × $8,000 = $6,000 Disposal of Plant and Equipment

31. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-31 After updating the depreciation, the machine’s book value on September 30, 2006, is: a.$54,000. b.$46,000. c.$40,000. d.$60,000. After updating the depreciation, the machine’s book value on September 30, 2006, is: a.$54,000. b.$46,000. c.$40,000. d.$60,000. Disposal of Plant and Equipment

32. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-32 The machine’s sale resulted in: a.a gain of $6,000. b.a gain of $4,000. c.a loss of $6,000. d.a loss of $4,000. The machine’s sale resulted in: a.a gain of $6,000. b.a gain of $4,000. c.a loss of $6,000. d.a loss of $4,000. Disposal of Plant and Equipment

33. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-33 Disposal of Plant and Equipment Prepare the journal entry to record the sale.

34. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-34 Accounting depends on whether assets are similar or dissimilar. Airplane for Airplane Truck for Airplane Only situations where cash is paid will be demonstrated. Trading in Used Assets for New Ones

35. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-35 Trading in Used Assets for New Ones

36. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-36 On May 30, 2006, Essex Company exchanged a used airplane and $35,000 cash for a new airplane. The old airplane originally cost $40,000, had up-to-date accumulated depreciation of $30,000, and a fair value of $4,000. On May 30, 2006, Essex Company exchanged a used airplane and $35,000 cash for a new airplane. The old airplane originally cost $40,000, had up-to-date accumulated depreciation of $30,000, and a fair value of $4,000. SIMILAR Trading in Used Assets for New Ones ASSETS

37. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-37 The exchange resulted in a: a.gain of $6,000. b.loss of $6,000. c.loss of $4,000. d. gain of $4,000. The exchange resulted in a: a.gain of $6,000. b.loss of $6,000. c.loss of $4,000. d. gain of $4,000. Prepare a journal entry to record the exchange. Trading in Used Assets for New Ones

38. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-38 Trading in Used Assets for New Ones Prepare the journal entry to record the trade.

39. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-39 Noncurrent assets without physical substance. Useful life is often difficult to determine. Usually acquired for operational use. Often provide exclusive rights or privileges. Intangible Assets Characteristics

40. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-40 Patents Copyrights Leaseholds Leasehold Improvements Goodwill Trademarks and Trade Names Record at current cash equivalent cost, including purchase price, legal fees, and filing fees. Intangible Assets

41. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-41 o Amortization is the systematic write-off to expense of the cost of intangible assets over their useful life or legal life, whichever is shorter. o Use the straight-line method to amortize most intangible assets. o Amortization is the systematic write-off to expense of the cost of intangible assets over their useful life or legal life, whichever is shorter. o Use the straight-line method to amortize most intangible assets. Amortization

42. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-42 The amount by which the purchase price exceeds the fair market value of net assets acquired. Occurs when one company buys another company. Only purchased goodwill is an intangible asset. Goodwill Goodwill is NOT amortized. It is tested annually to determine if there has been an impairment loss.

43. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-43 Exclusive right granted by federal government to sell or manufacture an invention. Cost is purchase price plus legal cost to defend. Amortize cost over the shorter of useful life or 20 years. Patents

44. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-44 A symbol, design, or logo associated with a business. Purchased trademarks are recorded at cost, and amortized over shorter of legal or economic life. Internally developed trademarks have no recorded asset cost. Trademarks and Trade Names

45. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-45 Legally protected right to sell products or provide services purchased by franchisee from franchisor. Purchase price is intangible asset which is amortized over the shorter of the protected right or useful life. Franchises

46. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-46 Exclusive right granted by the federal government to protect artistic or intellectual properties. Amortize cost over period benefited. Legal life is life of creator plus 70 years. Copyrights

47. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-47 All expenditures classified as research and development should be charged to expense when incurred. Research and Development Costs All of these R&D costs will really reduce our net income this year!

48. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-48 Total cost, including exploration and development, is charged to depletion expense over periods benefited. Examples: oil, coal, gold Extracted from the natural environment and reported at cost less accumulated depletion. Natural Resources

49. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-49 Depletion is calculated using the units-of-production method. Unit depletion rate is calculated as follows: Total Units of Natural Resource Cost – Residual Value Depletion of Natural Resources

50. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-50 Total depletion cost for a period is: Unit Depletion Rate Number of Units Extracted in Period × Total depletion cost Inventory for sale Unsold Inventory Cost of goods sold Depletion of Natural Resources

51. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-51 Specialized plant assets may be required to extract the natural resource. These assets should be depreciated over their normal useful lives or over the life of the natural resource, whichever is shorter. Specialized plant assets may be required to extract the natural resource. These assets should be depreciated over their normal useful lives or over the life of the natural resource, whichever is shorter. Depletion of Natural Resources

52. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-52 Use of Depreciation Methods

53. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-53 End of Chapter Nine