1. KS4 Resistant Materials
Starter Activity
Write on your post it how you think your smart/modern material can be used.
You have 1 minute.
KS4 Resistant Materials

2. Starter Activity
Write down the meanings for as many of these words as possible:
Ductility hardness toughness elasticity strength in tension compression shear malleability plasticity durability
You have 5 minutes.
End
KS4 Resistant Materials

3. KS4 Resistant Materials
Starter Activity
Ductility - a materials ability to be drawn or stretched into thinner, smaller sections.
Hardness - ability to withstand abrasive wear and indentation.
Toughness – ability to withstand sudden and shock loading without fracture.
Elasticity – ability of material to return to its original shape once a deforming force has been removed.
KS4 Resistant Materials

4. KS4 Resistant Materials
Starter Activity
Strength in tension – the ability of a material to withstand being pulled apart.
Compression – ability of a material to withstand being squashed
Shear – ability of a material or joint to withstand being slid apart.
Malleability – a material capable of being deformed by compression with tearing or cracking.
KS4 Resistant Materials

5. KS4 Resistant Materials
Starter Activity
Plasticity – ability of material to be changed permanently without cracking or breaking.
Durability – ability of material to withstand wear, pressure or damage.
KS4 Resistant Materials

6. KS4 Resistant Materials
Learning Objective
Understand the properties
of smart materials and
their applications
You should be able to describe the uses, advantages & disadvantages of modern and smart materials when manufacturing products.
KS4 Resistant Materials

7. KS4 Resistant Materials
Learning Objective
A smart material is defined
as a material that reacts to an outside stimulus, and then once that stimulus has been removed, changes back into its original state.
KS4 Resistant Materials

8. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Shape memory alloy (SMA)
A shape memory alloy (SMA, smart metal, memory metal) is an alloy that "remembers" its original, cold-forged shape: returning to the pre-deformed shape by heating. Shape memory alloys have applications in industries including medical and aerospace.
Examples include: flexible spectacles (superelastic wire), heat activated cable connectors and fire sprinkler control.
Shape memory polymer
The material is a cast thermo-setting resin with extraordinary memory properties. It can be stretched by up to 200% and still remember its original condition. When heated above 70°C, it softens, and can be shaped by stretching and bending. When cool it retains its new shape, but if the material is re-heated to 70°C, it reverts to its flat sheet condition.
KS4 Resistant Materials

9. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Shape memory alloy (SMA)
Advantages:
Good elasticity
strong in tension
lightweight
Disadvantages:
relatively expensive to make in comparison to stainless steel or aluminum
Applications (uses)
Glasses
Nitonol based glasses frames – claimed to be nearly indestructible. If they are damaged they can be gently warmed to return to their original shape.
Anti-scalding valves
Valves that open and close by using nitinol can be fitted to waster taps and shower units.
Orthodontic wires
Super elastic SMAs used instead of stainless steel. The elastic properties of the SMA applies a more gentle pressure over a longer period. .
Anti scalding valves - Above a certain temp. The device will automatically shut off the water flow, preventing the user from be scalded from hot water.
Orthodontic wires – traditionally made of stainless steel – resulted in visits to the orthodontiset every three or four weeks to have the wires retensioned.
KS4 Resistant Materials

10. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Photochromic paint
Changes colour when exposed directly to UV light or sunlight. The colour change is reversible – when the UV source is removed, it will go back to its original colour.
Daytime
Uses
Paints & dyes in textiles and clothing, i.e. T-shirts are printed or painted and will change colour as day turns to night.
See the Van – during day UV levels high – one image appears, as darkness falls – another image appears.
Paint is mainly white – base colour can change within one second of being exposed directly to the UV source. The dyes can be added to paints and inks or directly into polymers before being used in the injection moulding process.
Night time
KS4 Resistant Materials
KLT

11. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Photochromic paint
Advantages:
Change colour in response to UV exposure.
Disadvantages:
amount of change is dependent upon the level of UV falling on it.
Over time the ability to change will decay (this will be natural fatigue).
Paint is mainly white – base colour can change within one second of being exposed directly to the UV source. The dyes can be added to paints and inks or directly into polymers before being used in the injection moulding process.
KS4 Resistant Materials

12. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Thermochromic pigments
Thermochromic pigments change colour at specific temperatures. They are incorporated into a special ink and printed onto products.
Applications include: baby feeding products, kettles, steam irons and thermal warning patches.
At normal room temperature the pigment appears coloured, but at 27°C the colour disappears.
KS4 Resistant Materials

13. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Reactive Glass
Is a term that applies to a collection of types of glass that can change colour in response to exposure to ultraviolet light or an applied voltage. Any change in colour is fully reversible.
In glasses, reactive glass darkens when exposed to UV radiation. Once light source removed, returns to original state.
Glass itself is impregnated with minute particles of silver halide.
KS4 Resistant Materials

14. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Reactive Glass
Glass which is changed by the application of voltage is called ‘Smart glass’ or ‘switchable glass’. The glass changes from being transparent to opaque. It can be used save energy heating costs, and in some cases, can be used instead of curtains or blinds.
KS4 Resistant Materials

15. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Reactive Glass
Advantages:
ability to change colour in response to UV or an applied voltage.
replaces the need for separate reading and sunglasses.
Disadvantages:
expensive to manufacture
smart glass is expensive to install.
time delay photochromic glasses can cause difficulties when driving.
KS4 Resistant Materials

16. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Carbon nanotubes as additives to materials
Cylindrical nanostructures made from carbon molecules.
They are hoped to be useful in electronics, optics and medicine.
Due to their mechanical properties, there are proposals to include nanotubes in items such as clothes,
Sports equipment, and police and military body armour.
There are concerns re medicine – due to their potential toxicity.
Nanotubes join together to form long ropes. You can have single -wall nanotubes (SWNT) and mult-wall nanotubes (MWNT).
SWNT exhibit electrical properties that MWNT so more likely to used in the miniaturisation of electrical products.
KS4 Resistant Materials

17. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Carbon nanotubes as additives to materials
Here are some of the properties and applications:
6 times lighter that steel, 500 times stronger
as flexible as plastic
conduct heat & electricity better than any other material discovered.
can be made from raw materials such as methane gas
almost totally inert
used to strengthen plastics on cars
added to paint to give a very hard, tough finish.
If the phrase "I solemnly swear I'm up to no good" means anything to you, you'll be happy to know that scientists have come one step closer to a Potter-style "invisibility cloak" so you can use your Marauder's Map to the fullest. With the help of carbon nanotubes, researchers have been able to make objects seem to magically vanish by using the same principle that causes mirages. As anyone who's been especially parched along Route 66 knows, optical illusions occur when heat changes the air's temperature and density, something that forces light to "bend," making us see all sorts of crazy things. Apply the same theory under water using nanotubes -- one molecule carbon coils with super high heat conductivity -- and scientists can make a sheet of the stuff "disappear." Remember, it only works underwater, so get your gillyweed ready and check out the video.
KS4 Resistant Materials

18. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Carbon nanotubes – the future is tubular
Advantages:
super tensile strength
electrical conductors
tough
chemically inert
Disadvantages:
expensive to manufacture
toxic nature may prevent potential applications in the world of medicine.
Space elevators, even faster computer chips, better solar cells, cancer treatment, better/thinner TVs, better capacitors to replace batteries, flexible displays (see picture top right).
Tubular is back. This time it's about the carbon (not the wave). Stronger than steel and lighter than a feather, carbon nanotubes have the potential to revolutionize just about everything.
KS4 Resistant Materials

19. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Flexible MDF and flexi-ply
Flexible MDF has become the preferred bendable material for many applications including, columns, counter fronts, wavy walls, ceilings, stage and film sets and commercial cabinet making.
Complex multi-radical shapes can be created with flexi-ply .
Modern Materials wood based
KS4 Resistant Materials

20. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Hexaboard and paper
backed veneers
Hexaboard is a birch plywood overlaid with a phenol resistant film on both sides. Hexagon pattern on one side with a smooth finish on the reverse.
Paper-backed veneer offer a flexible solution to veneering panels that cannot be placed in a traditional press. These may be curved panels, panels unable to withstand the pressure of a press. The veneers are bonded to 0.4mm thick paper backing. This helps retain the flexibility of the veneer whilst adding considerable strength and stability.
KS4 Resistant Materials

21. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Eco film
This is not a smart material, it is a biodegradable polymer.
The thick plastic film, long awaited by industry, has the magical property of disappearing almost instantly when it gets wet, making it highly biodegradable. It is made from a polymer based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Uses in project work include simple water-activated alarms (e.g., the clockwork starts running when the film dissolves); graphic products such as bags and posters that bio-degrade at an accelerated rate.
Industry applications include: detergent washing liquid sachets and food packaging.
KS4 Resistant Materials

22. KS4 Resistant Materials
Development
Your task
Think about some of the everyday products that you are familiar with and see if any of the components could be replaced with smart materials.
Work with person next to you.
You have 5 minutes to come up with a design solution for one of your smart/modern materials.
End
KS4 Resistant Materials

23. KS4 Resistant Materials
Plenary
Task 2
Without using your notes sum up one of the following with your partner:
SMAs
Photochromic paint
Reactive glass
Carbon nanotubes
Remember to include advantages, disadvantages and applications.
You have 2 minutes.
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KS4 Resistant Materials

24. Starter next lesson – test your knowledge
Try it!
Working with your partner, take it in turns to state an advantage and a disadvantage of a modern or smart material.
SMAs
Photochromic paint
Reactive glass
Carbon nanotubes
You have 2 minutes.
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KS4 Resistant Materials

25. KS4 Resistant Materials
Plenary
Quick Notes
Reactive glass can reversibly change colour in UV light or it a voltage is applied. It is widely used in glasses and windows but is expensive.
Carbon nanotubes are tough and strong, good electrical conductors and chemically inert.
They are added to other materials to improve them.
They are often used in paint and cars but expensive and toxic.
KS4 Resistant Materials

26. KS4 Resistant Materials
Plenary
Exam questions
Explain one advantage for a business of using reactive glass in its office windows. (2 marks)
Excellent answer:
No need to by curtains or blinds because of the opaque nature of the glass, as people outside would not be able to see inside.
KS4 Resistant Materials