1.  Macedonians invade Greece  Hellenistic Era

3.  Philip II 359 BCE  Goal: unite Greece under one ruler  Greeks crushed - Battle of Chaeronea (near Thebes) 338 BCE  Quickly control all Greece - round 'em up to attack Persia... BUT...

4. 20 yrs old to throne preparation for kingship... resume father's goal: Persia!  avenge burning of Athens back in 480 BCE

6. large quantities of gold and silver flow into Greece creation of divine-right monarchies in imitation of Alexander Greek culture (language, architecture, literature, art) spreads Greek culture absorbs elements from others

8. Greeks / Macedonians form ruling class Greek = lingua franca created new cities Greek bureaucrats and specialists of all kinds spread through kingdoms

9. Alexandria (Egypt)! Pergamum  libraries  wealth

10. Astronomy Aristarchus  sun center, earth orbits Eratosthenes  earth = round  only 185 mi. off in estimating circumference Mathematics Euclid  "Elements"  geometry Archimedes  pi  geometry  water pump

11. Epicurianism Epicurus happiness = goal of life only true happiness = pleasure (not physical sense) freedom from worry and emotional turmoil Free self from public activity ideal: friendship Stoics Zeno, Diogenes most popular material possessions impede happiness happiness = live in harmony with will of God ["The cause..."] and good citizenship protect yourself psychologically from life's troubles