1. Introduction to Systems Development Life Cycle

2. The Information Systems Life Cycle
What are the four steps in the information systems life cycle (ISLC)?
System development
System implementation
Syetem Operation
System obsolencence

4. The Systems Development Life Cycle
What are the five steps in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?
Systems analysis
Conceptual design
Physical design
Implementation and conversion
Operations and maintenance

6. The Systems Development Life Cycle: Systems Analysis
Systems Analysis Do initial investigation Do system survey Do feasibility study Determine information needs and system requirements Deliver systems requirements
Conceptual Design

7. The Systems Development Life Cycle: Conceptual Design
Conceptual Design Identify and evaluate design alternatives Develop design specifications Deliver conceptual design requirements
Physical Design

8. The Systems Development Life Cycle: Physical Design
Physical Design Design output Design database Design input Develop programs Develop procedures Design controls Deliver developed system
Implementation and Conversion

9. The Systems Development Life Cycle: Implementation and Conversion
Implementation and Conversion Develop plan
Install hardware and software
Train personnel, test the system Complete documentation
Convert from old to new system Fine-tune and review
Deliver operational system
Operation and Maintenance

10. The Systems Development Life Cycle: Operation and Maintenance
Feasibility analysis and decision points:
Economic Feasibility
Technical Feasibility
Legal Feasibility
Scheduling Feasibility
Operational Feasibility
Operation and Maintenance Operate system Modify system Do ongoing maintenance Deliver improved system
Systems
Analysis

11. The Players
Who are the people involved in developing and implementing IS?
Management
Information systems steering committee
Project development team
Systems analysts and programmers
External players

12. The Players What are top management’s roles?
providing support and encouragement
establishing system goals and objectives
determine information requirements

13. The Players What are the steering committee’s roles?
set policies that govern the IS
ensures top-management participation
guidance and control
facilitates coordination and integration of IS activities

14. The Players What are the project development team’s roles?
plan each project
monitor project
make sure proper consideration is given to the human element

15. The Players What are the system analyst’s and programmer’s roles?
study existing systems
design new systems and prepare specifications
write computer programs

16. Planning Systems Development
Why is planning an important step in systems development?
consistency
efficiency
cutting edge
lower costs
adaptability

17. Planning Systems Development
What types of systems development plans are needed?
project development plan
master plan

18. Planning Techniques
Two techniques for scheduling and monitoring systems development activities are:
PERT (program evaluation and review technique)
PERT requires that all activities and the precedent and subsequent relationships among them be identified.
Gantt chart
A bar chart with project activities listed on the left-hand side and units of time across the top

19. Planning Techniques: Gantt Chart
Project Planning Chart (Sample Gantt Chart)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity Week Starting 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

20. Gantt Chart

21. PERT Chart

22. Microsoft Project Gantt Chart

23. Microsoft Project PERT Chart

24. Feasibility Analysis
Systems analysis is the first step in the systems development life cycle (SDLC).
A feasibility study (also called a business case) is prepared during systems analysis and updated as necessary during the remaining steps in the SDLC.
The steering committee uses the study to decide whether to terminate a project, proceed unconditionally, or proceed conditionally.

25. Feasibility Analysis
What five important aspects need to be considered during a feasibility study?
Technical feasibility
Operational feasibility
Legal feasibility
Scheduling feasibility
Economic feasibility

26. Feasibility Analysis
Economic feasibility is the most frequently analyzed of the five aspects.
What is the basic framework for feasibility analysis?
capital budgeting model

27. Feasibility Analysis What are some capital budgeting techniques?
payback period
net present value (NPV)
internal rate of return (IRR)

28. Candidate Systems Matrix

29. Candidate Systems Matrix (cont.)

30. Feasibility Matrix

31. Typical System Proposal Outline
Introduction
Purpose of the report
Background of the project leading to this report
Scope of the report
Structure of the report
Tools and techniques used
Solution generated
Feasibility analysis (cost-benefit)
Information systems requirements
Alternative solutions and feasibility analysis
Recommendations
Appendices

32. Behavioral Aspects of Change
Individuals involved in systems development are agents of change who are continually confronted by people’s reaction and resistance to change.
The best system will fail without the support of the people it serves.

33. Behavioral Aspects of Change
Why do behavioral problems occur?
personal characteristics and background
manner in which change is introduced
experience with prior changes
communication
disruptive nature of the change process
fear

34. Behavioral Aspects of Change
How do people resist IS changes?
aggression
projection
avoidance

35. Behavioral Aspects of Change
How can behavioral problems be overcome?
meet needs of the users
keep communication lines open
maintain a safe and open atmosphere
obtain management support
allay fears
solicit user participation
make sure users understand the system

36. Behavioral Aspects of Change
How can behavioral problems be overcome? (continued)
provide honest feedback
humanize the system
describe new challenges and opportunities
reexamine performance evaluation
test the system’s integrity
avoid emotionalism
present the system in the proper context
control the users’ expectations
keep the system simple

37. Systems Analysis
When a new or improved system is needed, a written request for systems development is prepared.
The request describes the current system’s problems, why the change is needed, and the proposed system’s goals and objectives.
It also describes the anticipated benefits and costs.

38. Sample Request for System Services

39. Sample Problem Statements

40. Systems Analysis There are five steps in the analysis phase:
Initial investigation
Systems survey
Feasibility study
Information needs and systems requirements
Systems analysis report

41. Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE)
CASE is an integrated package of computer-based tools that automate important aspects of the software development process.
CASE tools are used to plan, analyze, design, program, and maintain an information system.
They are also used to enhance the efforts of managers, users, and programmers in understanding information needs.

42. Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE)
CASE tools do not replace skilled designers; instead they provide a host of self-integrated tools that give developers effective support for all SDLC phases.
CASE software typically has tools for strategic planning, project and system management, database design, screen and report layout, and automatic code generation.

43. CASE Tool Architecture

44. Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE)
Advantages of CASE Technology
Improved productivity Improved program quality Cost savings Improved control procedures Simplified documentation

45. Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE)
Disadvantages of CASE Technology Incompatibility
Cost
Unmet expectations

46. Systems Design, Implementation, and Operation

47. Conceptual Systems Design
In the conceptual systems design phase, a general framework is developed for implementing user requirements and solving problems identified in the analysis phase.
What are the three steps in conceptual design?
Evaluate design alternatives.
Prepare design specifications.
Prepare conceptual systems design report.

48. Conceptual Systems Design
analysis
Evaluate
design
alternatives
Prepare
design
specifications
Prepare
conceptual
systems
design report

49. Conceptual Systems Design
Evaluate design alternatives:
The design team should identify and evaluate design alternatives using the following criteria:
How well it meets organizational and system objectives
How well it meets users’ needs
Whether it is economically feasible
Its advantages and disadvantages

50. Conceptual Systems Design
Prepare design specifications:
Once a design alternative has been selected, the team develops the conceptual design specifications for the following elements:
Output
Data storage
Input
Processing procedures and operations

51. Conceptual Systems Design
Prepare conceptual systems design report:
At the end of the conceptual design a conceptual systems design report is developed and submitted.
To guide physical systems design activities
To communicate how management and user information needs will be met
To help assess systems’ feasibility

52. Physical Systems Design
Physical design translates the broad, user-oriented AIS requirements of conceptual design into detailed specifications that are used to code and test the computer program.
Conceptual
systems design
Physical
systems design

53. Physical Systems Design: Output Design
The objective of output design is to determine the characteristics of reports, documents, and screen displays.
Output fits into one of four categories:
Scheduled reports
Special-purpose analysis
Triggered exception reports
Demand reports

54. Physical Systems Design: File and Database Design
What are some file and database design considerations?
medium of storage
organization and access
processing mode
maintenance
size and activity level

55. Physical Systems Design: Input Design
When evaluating input design, the design team must identify the different types of data input and optimal input method.
What are the two principal types of data input?
Forms
Computer screens

56. Physical Systems Design: Program Design
Program design is one of the most time-consuming activities in the entire SDLC.
Programs should be subdivided into small, well-defined modules to reduce complexity.
What is this referred to as?
structured programming
Modules should interact with a control module rather than with each other.

57. Physical Systems Design: Procedures Design
Procedures design should answer the who, what, where, and how questions related to all AIS activities.
What should procedures cover?
input preparation
transaction processing
error detection and corrections
controls

58. Physical Systems Design: Procedures Design
What should procedures cover? (continued)
reconciliation of balances
database access
output preparation and distribution
computer operator instructions

59. Physical Systems Design: Control Design
What are some control design considerations?
Validity
Authorization
Accuracy
Security
Numerical Control
Availability
Maintainability
Integrity
Audit Control

60. Physical Systems Design Report
At the end of the physical design phase the team prepares a physical systems design report.
This report becomes the basis for management’s decision whether to proceed to the implementation phase.

61. Systems Implementation
Systems implementation is the process of installing hardware and software and getting the AIS up and running.

62. Systems Implementation
Implementation planning
Develop and
test software
programs
Prepare site;
install and
test hardware
Select
and train
personnel
Complete
documentation
Test system
Conversion

63. Systems Implementation: Implementation Planning
An implementation plan consists of implementation tasks, expected completion dates, cost estimates, and the person or persons responsible for each task.
Planning should include adjustments to the company’s organizational structure.

64. Systems Implementation: Develop and test software programs
Seven steps are followed when developing and testing software programs.
Determine user needs.
Develop a plan.
Write program instructions (code).
Test the program.
Document the program.
Train program users.
Install and use the system.

65. Systems Implementation: Site Preparation
A PC requires little site preparation.
A large system may require extensive changes, such as additional electrical outlets.
Site preparation should begin well in advance of the installation date.

66. Systems Implementation: Select and train personnel
Employees can be hired from outside the company or transferred internally.
Effective AIS training should include employees’ orientation to new policies and operations.
Training should occur before systems testing and conversion.

67. Systems Implementation: Complete Documentation
Three types of documentation must be prepared for new systems.
Development documentation
Operations documentation
User documentation

68. Systems Implementation: Test the System
There are three common forms of testing.
Walk-through
Processing of test transactions
Acceptance tests

69. Systems Implementation: Conversion
There are four conversion approaches.
Direct conversion
Parallel conversion
Phase-in conversion
Pilot conversion

70. Systems Implementation
Direct Conversion Method
Old system
New system

71. Systems Implementation
Parallel Conversion Method
Old system New system

72. Systems Implementation
Phase-in Conversion Method
Old system
New system

73. Systems Implementation
Pilot Conversion Method 1 2 3 1 2 3
Old
Old
Old
Old
Old
New 1 2 3 1 2 3
Old
New
New
New
New
New

74. Systems Implementation: Data Conversion
Data files may need to be modified in three ways:
Files may be moved to a different storage
Data content may be changed
File format may be changed

75. Operation and Maintenance
The final step in the SDLC is to operate and maintain the new system.
A postimplementation review should be conducted on a newly installed system.
Implementation
and conversion
Operation and
maintenance

76. Operation and Maintenance
What are some factors to consider during the postimplementation review?
Goals and objectives
Satisfaction
Benefits
Costs
Reliability
Documentation
Timeliness
Controls and security
Errors
Training
Communications
Organizational changes
Accuracy
Compatibility