1. UNIT III:

2. Political Revolutions
Why 1450?:
“Age of Exploration”
1750?:
Political Revolutions

3. Overall Themes: Decline of Nomads (Rise of sea-based empires)
RISE OF EUROPE (exploration, Renaissance)
“Absolute” Monarchs
Consumerism (mercantilism; joint-stock companies)
Coercive Labor (slavery, corvée, indentured servitude)
Religious Rivalry (Protestant Reformation)

4. Big Picture: Afro-Eurasian Network: Silk Roads Indian Ocean Trade
Trans-Saharan Trade
Trans-Atlantic Trade:
“Triangle” of trade
“Columbian” Exchange
Indian Ocean Hub:
Chinese goods
Indian goods
Arab/European traders

5. Circa 1300 1. Pop. decline (Black Plague, 1348)…then
Pop. growth (2nd Ag. Rev.)
2. Feudalism in Japan & W. Europe
3. Yuan (Mongol) dynasty in China
Russia under Golden Horde
Mali at height

6. 5. Delhi Sultanate in India (Islamic, decline of Buddhism)
Founding of Ottoman Dynasty (1281)
Decline of Byzantium

7. Think about it… What will change… What will continue?
What societies are in the best position to take advantage of new technologies & new discoveries?

8. Ming China ( )

9. Chinese Dynasty Song
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han shang, joe, chin, hahn Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Sui, Tang, Song sway, tang, soong Sui, Tang, Song Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic yooan, ming, ching, Republic Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Mao and Deng mou and dang Mao and Deng

11. Ming China Erased all signs of Mongols
Neo-Confucianism (strict social structure)
Emperor-scholar-gentry-farmers-artisans-merchants
Eunuchs play growing role (Zheng He)
Rebuilt Great Wall
Became isolationist

12. MING CHINA Pop. Explosion champa rice production (S.E. Asia)
Chinese goods bought in Asia & Europe
paper, porcelain, silks
Europeans traded in CANTON only
traded for silver

13. Exploration & Decline Ming Decline:
The eunuch Zheng He sails:
- 7 voyages across Indian Ocean
- Then isolationist!
Ming Decline:
corrupt gov’t, public works fail, foreign threats * Conquered by Manchus

16. ISOLATIONISM for the next 250 years.
Tokugawa Shogunate
New capital at Edo (Tokyo)
Feudal bureaucracy
Rigid social structure (Neo-Confucianism)
Began to restrict foreign trade:
- banned Christianity & Western books
- only Dutch & Chinese could trade at Nagasaki
ISOLATIONISM for the next 250 years.

17. Who really had the power in Japan?

18. The “Gunpowder” Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, & Mughals

19. Ottoman Turks (1281-1914) • “Gunpowder” empire (land-based)
• Led by Sultan
- empire at height under Suleiman the Magnificent - absolute monarch, theocracy
• Bureaucracy: Grand Vizier (real power)
- “millet” system: religious units for taxing

20. • Military: Janissary Corps soldiers (kidnapped European Christian boys who used guns)

21. DECLINE:
Sultans neglect power, overexpansion, corruption; Lack of military Westernization!

22. Mughal Empire: (1526-1739) Akbar the Great: stressed tolerance
attempt to unite Hinduism & Islam
Sikhism
cotton textile trade w/ Europeans
DECLINE:
Corruption, outdated military, high taxes, religious conflict, foreign invaders

23. Which of the following was NOT a cause of decline of the Mughal Empire?
(A) centralized government returned to local political organizations
(B) foreign countries gained increasing influence
(C) leaders failed to bridge differences between Hindus and Muslims
(D) cost of warfare and defensive efforts to protect northern border drained treasury

24. Age of Exploration

26. Portugal: New tech: caravels, astrolabe, compass
W.Africa: sugar plantations & African slave trade
Indian Ocean trade: spices, cotton, salt
Brazil – SUGAR

27. Spain: Gold, God, & Glory

28. Spain:
L. America
Used Incan corvee labor system of “mita” to control indigenous people

29. Dutch:
Dutch East India Company: joint-stock company owned by the crown, funded by private investors
S.E. Asia: controlled the Strait of Malaca for spice trade
N. America: fur trade; plantations
South Africa: way station

30. England:
English Civil War: Cromwell leads Parliament against royal Cavalier army
Glorious Revolution: English Bill of Rights (1689)
Constitutional Monarchy
Enlightenment Ideas
American colonies

31. What characterized European social & economic life between the mid-1400’s & the mid-1700’s?
I. Mercantilism as the economic philosophy.
II. Population growth slowed during the 1600s.
III. The slavery trade decreased.
IV. The first companies & stock markets emerged.
(A) I only
(B) I and IV
(C) I, II, and III
(D) II, III, and IV

32. France Absolute Monarchy - King Louis XIV - “ I am the State”
                      
Absolute Monarchy - King Louis XIV
- “ I am the State”
- Palace of Versailles
Mercantilism (Jean Baptiste Colbert): economic self-sufficiency; acquire bullion
fur-trading (Quebec); sugar (Haiti)

33. Americas (1450-1750) Population impacts: disease; goods; ethnic
small pox
“Columbian exchange”
“Castas”: Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos, Mulattos
Africans, Amerindians & Zambos
Encomienda System (indigenous labor in fields)

34. The Columbian Exchange
Slide 17
The Columbian Exchange
Americas: turkey, pumpkin, corn or maize, chocolate, tomato, tobacco, potato, chili pepper, peanut, pineapple, beans
Afroeurasia: citrus, cotton (varieties) coffee, sugar, tea, wheat, yam, banana, rice, millet, sorghum.
Plants, animals, and micro-organisms of Afroeurasia were exchanged with those of the Americas across the oceans.

35. Brazil: biggest slave importer
Slide 16
“Middle Passage”: Slavery
Brazil: biggest slave importer
last to ban slavery
Map by Robert Prom
Adapted from maps in Philip D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969)

36. Commodities: Sugar, Silver, & Slaves

37. Which of the following was NOT a demographic effect on Africans due to the Columbian Exchange? (A) gradual population increase after new crops become established in Africa (B) many Africans became Christianized (C) syncretism of Christianity with indigenous African religions (D) more females were taken as African slaves than males to the Americas

38. Slaves in exchange for guns, horses, rum
African Empires:
Slaves in exchange for guns, horses, rum
Kingdom of Benin
Kongo: King Afonso (wrote letter to Port. King)

39. E. Africa: Swahili coast (Muslim traders)
spices, slaves, ivory, gold from Zimbabwe

40. Russia Political hierarchy: Czar, Boyars, Cossacks (warriors), serfs
Russian Orthodox Church
Peter the Great: pro-westernization
capital to St. Petersburg
shave beards

41. Changing Beliefs
Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther’s 95 Theses; split from Catholicism)
Neo-Confucianism (Ming revive Mandate)
Missionaries: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

42. Intellectual Development
Scientific Revolution: weakens Church power
Enlightenment: “natural” rights & freedoms
Renaissance: patronage of the arts

43. Be able to compare the following:
Imperial systems: European monarchies vs. land-based “Gunpowder” empires
Coercive labor systems
Empire building in Asia, Africa & Europe
Russia’s interaction with the west compared to others

45. Which of the following was more of a social group than an ethnic group in the Americas?
(A) Mestizos
(B) Africans
(C) Peninsulares
(D) Mulattos

46. Which of the following was NOT an accurate description of interactions with the West?
China remained relatively isolated allowing limited contacts in selected ports
Russia had a mistrust of European ideas and only allowed Enlightened ideas that challenged the autocratic system
Japan eventually ordered missionaries to leave and only allowed the Dutch to trade out of Nagasaki
Mughal India allowed British access to trading ports, but eventually the British took control of local affairs

47. Which of the following was NOT a difference between land-based empires and water-based empires?
(A) land-based empires were usually ruled by a central administration
(B) water-based empires pursued technological advances more due to competition with other nations
(C) land-based empires focused more on domestic problems more than territorial expansion abroad
(D) water-based empires influenced indigenous people on multiple continents