2. > Human life originated in Africa near Lake Victoria (locate)  TOPOGRAPHY—Africa consist s of: - Deserts (the Sahara and Kalahari) - Steppe lands (short grasslands b/w the deserts and savanna) - Savanna regions, grasslands where most people and animals live (these are subdivided into wet and dry regions) - Tropical rainforests (thickly vegetated, the almost constant rainfall causes soils to leach  loss of soil nutrients) - Mediterranean climates (refer to the key); located on the Mediterranean, but also in southern Africa. - high population density (HPD) exists near rivers (i.e. 90% of Egypt's’ people live in the Nile River delta region). - RESEARCH: locate the Great Escarpment and explain its impact on interactions between Africans and Europeans

3. Nile civilizations:  Egypt traded with later conquered Nubia (Ancient Egypt)  Kush (in Nubia) later conquered Egypt- cultural diffusion and trade  Kush1070BCE-350 CE  Axum 100-940CE  Nubia in Egypt=Nile River  Kush Kingdom- capital in Kerma, one of earliest urbanized centers  1750BCE Kush kings organized to build walls and mud bricks West Africa: Ghana, Mali, Songhai

4.  Ancient Egypt 3000BCE-300BCE traded with later conquered Nubia  REVIEW CONTRIBUTIONS, KEY TERMS & CONCEPTS: pharaohs, pyramids, women’s roles, interactions along the Nile, cataracts (waterfalls), maat, high population density

5.  Kush 1070BCE-350CE  Nice civilization  In Nubia kingdom cultural diffusion between Kush and neighbors after defeat Egypt

6.  Axum 100-940CE  Nice civilization  Trade extended onto Red Sea and Indian Ocean  In Nubia Kingdom

7.  S : agricultural people settled between the Senegal and Niger rivers  P :emerged as a kingdom when farmers protected their lands from nomadic raiders  army of 200,000 skilled horsemen!! (Ghana means ‘warchief’) Monarch with imperial power, King meted out justice; conquered by Muslim Almoravids ( a Berber tribe from northern Africa)  I : King controlled trade of salt and copper from the north with gold from the south; part of Trans- Saharan trade network  C: earliest religion was paganism/polytheism, followed by Islam  mosques; not forced to convert to Islam  E: Muslims held high economic positions; large army of bowmen and calvary made Ghana dominant

8.  S Mali, located in West Africa, unity based on Islamic faith and following Islamic law (ethical code of conduct); prosperous trade also led to stability  P Mansa Musa, widely respected ruler; established safe government with just legal code based on Sharia Law  political and social stability  I Mansa Musa’s famous trip to Mecca  cultural diffusion with Arab world; Mali– dependent on Trans-Saharan trade: Fall of Mali: Tuaregs (northern tribe) conquered the capital of Timbuktu,  C foreigners welcome; beautiful sand mosques; fosters spread of Islam  E Control of gold, salt, copper trade  stability and prosperity; which trade route?

9.  After Mali in West Africa  Islamic  Rely on trans-Saharan trade (gold)  Askia Muhammad: most famous ruler

11. > Part of Afro-Eurasian trade in the 2 nd part of the Post-classical Era > Muslims traded slaves from Africa throughout the IOMS > C & C with The Trans- Atlantic trade network > What was Indonesia called? > Identify other products that were traded

12.  Late iron Age  Capital Kingdom of Zimbabwe  City in ruins  Was center of trade  Trade decline- civilization fell apart  1100-1400

14.  Middle Passage (Africa-Americas)  Brutal many died from disease/starvation  REVIEW TERMS from chapter 20: manumission, driver, seasoning, maroon, Middle Passage, the Trans- Atlantic System, the Great Circuit, Triangle Trade

15.  Review the experiences of Olaudah Equiano (chapter 20), a slave who earned his freedom, learned to read and write, & wrote about his slave experiences!!  Atlantic system: involved the slave trade (slaves were either purchased or stolen); Europe sent some manufactured goods (guns) to Africa for slaves; raw materials were sent from the New World to Europe; cattle from Europe to Americas; diseases to Americas (small pox; plantocracies: plantations rune by rich men who owned slaves/land  West African Coastal trading areas: Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Ivory Coast, ‘slave coast’

16.  In 1870, about 5-10% of Africa was controlled by Europe. By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained uncolonized!!  CONCEPT: European imperialist hegemony was established at this time  Causes: the need for raw materials and new markets for finished products made in Europe  Belgium est. first major European colony in Africa’s interior (i.e. the Belgian Congo)  Africa was partitioned at the Berlin Conference (1884) led by Bismarck  Political power: Imperialism occurred AFTER slavery. Unfortunately, imperialism became a new form of domination  Analyze the STI and LTI of imperialism in Africa; compare with China and India.

17.  Rhodes represents British Imperialism  What is the metaphor or inference of the political cartoon?  The colonies of Northern Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia (present day Zambia and Zimbabwe were named after Cecil Rhodes

18.  Jomo Kenayatta was Kenya’s powerful Nationalist independence leader  1950s: Arrested and convicted of being involved with Kenya’s violent Maumau rebellion, even though the evidence against him was weak  Served about eight years in prison, then was placed in exile in a remote village— despite this, he remained influential  Released in 1961  Negotiated with the British to make constitution for independent Kenya  1964 Kenyatta 1 st president  Effective, but autocratic ruler  Kenya benefited his rule  stability and prosperity for 20 years

19. > Most African nations gained independence in the 1960s. > Imperialism unintentionally served to unite people across Africa—even tribes that were previously rivals. >When nations gained Independence, most of their borders closely resembled colonial (imperial) borders. > DIVISIVE NATIONALISM BASED ON TRIBALISM: Upon gaining independence, some tribes wanted to break away from their new country in order to establish tribal autonomy. National leaders Opposed this  brutal civil wars, including the horrible situation in Biafra, which unsuccessfully tried to break way from Nigeria. > REVIEW: When did European Nations partition Africa? >By 1945, what had severly weakened Europe?