1. Anatomy & Physiology Of Female Reproductive System

2. Learning Objectives Define the terms listed.
Identify the female external reproductive organs.
Explain the structure of the bony pelvis.
Explain the functions and structures of pelvic floor.

3. Introduction

4. External Female Structures
Collectively, the external female reproductive organs are called the Vulva.

5. External Female Structures
Mons Pubis.
Labia Majora
Labia Minora.
Clitoris.
Vestibule.
Perineum

6. Mons Pubis It is covered with varying amounts of pubic hair.
Is rounded, soft fullness of subcutaneous fatty tissue, prominence over the symphysis pubis that forms the anterior border of the external reproductive organs.
It is covered with varying amounts of pubic hair.

7. Labia Majora & Minora
The labia Majora are two rounded, fleshy folds of tissue that extended from the mons pubis to the perineum.
It is protect the labia minora, urinary meatus and vaginal introitus.

8. Labia Minora It is located between the labia majora, are narrow.
The lateral and anterior aspects are usually pigmented.
The inner surfaces are similar to vaginal mucosa, pink and mois.
Their rich vascularity.

9. Clitoris. The term clitoris comes from a Greek word meaning key.
Erectile organ.
It’s rich vascular, highly sensitive to temperature, touch, and pressure sensation

10. Vestibule.
Is oval-shaped area formed between the labia minora, clitoris, and fourchette.
Vestibule contains the external urethral meatus, vaginal introitus, and Bartholins glands.

11. Perineum
Is the most posterior part of the external female reproductive organs.
It extends from fourchette anteriorly to the anus posteriorly.
And is composed of fibrous and muscular tissues that support pelvic structures.

13. Internal Female Structures
Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian tubes
Ovaries

15. Fallopian tubes
The two tubes extended from the cornu of the uterus to the ovary.
It runs in the upper free border of the broad ligament.
Length 8 to 14 cm average 10 cm
Its divided into 4 parts.

17. 1. Interstitial part
Which runs into uterine cavity, passes through the myometrium between the fundus and body of the uterus. About 1-2cm in length.

18. 2. Isthmus
Which is the narrow part of the tube adjacent to the uterus.
Straight and cord like , about 2 – 3 cm in length.

19. 3. Ampulla Which is the wider part about 5 cm in length.
Fertilization occurs in the ampulla.

20. 4. Infundibulum It is funnel or trumpet shaped.
Fimbriae are fingerlike processes, one of these is longer than the other and adherent to the ovary.
The fimbriae become swollen almost erectile at ovulation.

21. Functions
Gamete transport (ovum pickup, ovum transport, sperm transport).
Final maturation of gamete post ovulate oocyte maturation, sperm capicitation.

22. Fluid environment for early embryonic development.
Transport of fertilized and unfertilized ovum to the uterus.

23. Ovaries
Oval solid structure, 1.5 cm in thickness, 2.5 cm in width and 3.5 cm in length respectively. Each weights about 4–8 gm.
Ovary is located on each side of the uterus, below and behind the uterine tubes

24. Structure of the ovaries
Cortex
Medulla
Hilum

25. Ovaries and Relationship to Uterine Tube and Uterus
Figure 28–14

26. Function of the ovary Secrete estrogen & progesterone.
Production of ova

27. Uterus The uterus is a hollow, pear shaped muscular organ.
The uterus measures about 7.5 X 5 X 2.5 cm and weight about 50 – 60 gm.

28. Its normal position is anteverted (rotated forward and slightly antiflexed (flexed forward)
The uterus divided into three parts

29. 1. Body of the uterus
The upper part is the corpus, or body of the uterus
The fundus is the part of the body or corpus above the area where the fallopian tubes enter the uterus.
Length about 5 cm.

30. 2. Isthmus A narrower transition zone.
Is between the corpus of the uterus and cervix.
During late pregnancy, the isthmus elongates and is known as the lower uterine segment.

31. 3. Cervix The lowermost position of the uterus “neck”.
The length of the cervix is about 2.5 t0 3 cm.

32. The os, is the opening in the cervix that runs between the uterus and vagina.
The upper part of the cervix is marked by internal os and the lower cervix is marked by the external os.

33. Layers of the uterus
Perimetrium.
Myometrium.
Endometrium.

35. 1. Perimetrium
Is the outer peritoneal layer of serous membrane that covers most of the uterus.

36. Laterally, the perimetrium is continuous with the broad ligaments on either side of the uterus.

37. 2. Myometrium Is the middle layer of thick muscle.
Most of the muscle fibers are concentrated in the upper uterus, and their number diminishes progressively toward the cervix.

38. The myometrium contains three types of smooth muscle fiber

39. Longitudinal fibers (outer layer)
Which are found mostly in the fundus and are designed to expel the fetus efficiently toward the pelvic outlet during birth.

40. Middle layer figure-8 fibers
These fiber contract after birth to compress the blood vessels that pass between them to limit blood loss.

41. Inner layer circular fibers
Which form constrictions where the fallopian tubes enter the uterus and surround the internal os
Circular fibers prevent reflux of menstrual blood and tissue into the fallopian tubes.

42. Promote normal implantation of the fertilized ovum by controlling its entry into the uterus.
And retain the fetus until the appropriate time of birth.

43. 3. Endometrium Is the inner layer of the uterus.
It is responsive to the cyclic variations of estrogen and progesterone during the female reproductive cycle every month.

44. The two or three layers of the endometrium are:
*Compact layer
*The basal layer
*The functional or Sponge layer this layer is shed during each menstrual period and after child birth in the lochia

45. The Function of the uterus
Menstruation ----the uterus sloughs off the endometrium.
Pregnancy ---the uterus support fetus and allows the fetus to grow.

46. Labor and birth---the uterine muscles contract and the cervix dilates during labor to expel the fetus

47. Vagina
It is an elastic fibro-muscular tube and membranous tissue about 8 to 10 cm long.
Lying between the bladder anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly.

48. The vagina connects the uterus above with the vestibule below.
The upper end is blind and called the vaginal vault.

49. The vaginal lining has multiple folds, or rugae and muscle layer
The vaginal lining has multiple folds, or rugae and muscle layer. These folds allow the vagina to stretch considerably during childbirth.

50. The reaction of the vagina is acidic, the pH is 4
The reaction of the vagina is acidic, the pH is 4.5 that protects the vagina against infection.

51. Functions of the vagina
To allow discharge of the menstrual flow.
As the female organs of coitus.
To allow passage of the fetus from the uterus.

52. Support structures
The bony pelvis support and protects the lower abdominal and internal reproductive organs.

53. Muscle, Joints and ligaments provide added support for internal organs of the pelvis against the downward force of gravity and the increases in intra-abdominal pressure

54. Bony Pelvis 2. Sacrum. 3. Coccyx. Bony Pelvis Is Composed of 4 bones:
1. Two hip bones.
2. Sacrum.
3. Coccyx.

55. 1. Two hip bones. *Ischium *Pubis
Each or hip bone is composed of three bones:
*Ilium
*Ischium
*Pubis

56. *Ilium It is the flared out part.
The greater part of its inner aspect is smooth and concave, forming the iliac fossa.
The upper border of the ilium is called iliac crest

57. *Ischium It is the thick lower part.
It has a large prominence known as the ischial tuberosity on which the body rests while sitting.

58. Behind and little above the tuberosity is an inward projection the ischial spine.

59. 2. Sacrum Is a wedge shaped bone consisting of five vertebrae.
The anterior surface of the sacrum is concave
The upper border of the first sacral vertebra known as the sacral promontory

60. Consists of four vertebrae forming a small triangular bone.
3. Coccyx.
Consists of four vertebrae forming a small triangular bone.