1. Extension beyond the Textbook
Animal Reproduction
Extension beyond the Textbook

2. Conditions for Fertilization
Anatomy of Male & Female must be compatible
Female must be in Heat
Egg must be mature

3. What is the function of the Male?
produce large numbers of live sex cells (spermatozoa)
contribute 1/2 chromosomes

4. What are the Male Reproductive Organs?
Testicles - produce spermatozoa & male hormone Testosterone
Scrotom - sack which carries testicles
functions as a heat regulator
Monorchid - one fertile testicle
Cryptorchid - both testes remain in body cavity (sterile)
Castration - removal of testicles
lack sex drive
gain weight quicker

5. What are the Male Reproductive Organs?
Epididymis - tube connects to testes
storage of spermatozoa ( billion at a time)
spermatozoa mature as they migrate through
Vas Deferens - tube connects to epididymus
if removed, can't reproduce = vasectomy

6. What are the Male Reproductive Organs?
Urethra - begins at bladder and continues through penis
Sigmoid Flexure - "S" shape in urethra allows for extension of penis outside of body for reproduction

7. Accessory Sex Glands
prostate
two seminal vesicles
two cowpers glands

8. What is the function of the Accessory Sex Glands?
provide medium for transporting sperm
adds volume
provides nutrients
cleans & flushes urinary tract

10. Artificial Insemination

11. What is the function of the female?
contribute 1/2 chromosomes
care for young in uterus and after birth until weaning

12. What are the Female Reproductive Organs?
Vulva - exterior portion of reproductive tract
provides visual signs of heat
Vagina - between vulva & cervix
Cows & Ewes: semen is deposited here
Mares & Sows: semen is deposited in the cervix

13. What are the Female Reproductive Organs?
Cervix - "Mouth of the womb"
opening into uterus
at birth cervix stretches to allowbaby to pass (most painful part)
during pregnancy cervix becomes blocked with a mucous plug to prevent infection

14. What are the Female Reproductive Organs?
Uterine Horns - two branches of uterus
Fallopian Tube - uterine horn becomes a small tube
lined with cilia which aid in egg migration

15. Ovaries located at end of fallopian tubes
possesses large number of eggs in all stages of development
this is all the eggs she will ever have, unlike the male
very few eggs reach maturity
if not fertilized, the egg is reabsorbed by the body

17. Reproduction in Males
After sexual maturity, sperm production is continuous
Testosterone is responsible for:
growth, development & activity of accessory glands
survival of spermatozoa
secondary sex characteristics:male voice, sex drive

18. Reproduction in Males Semen - collective term for all fluid ejaculated
sperm and fluid from accessory glands

19. Reproduction in Females
Farm animals reach sexual maturity at 4 months (sow) to 24 months (mare), then
Female comes in heat (estrus)
Egg released by ovary
Egg travels down tube until fertilized by sperm
Estrogen - female hormone which regulates estrus

20. What does "in heat" mean?
Heat is the time when a female is receptive to the male and will allow breeding to take place
Heat is actually divided into 4 phases of the cycle.

21. Estrous Cycle: Proestrus: ovary is about to release an egg
Estrus: female receptivity
Metestrus: uterus prepares for pregnancy
fertilized egg attaches to uterus
Diestrus: longest period of cycle
inactive
Estrous Cycles stop after conception, and begin soon after Parturition (birth)

22. Females also show external signs of "Heat"
aggressive behavior
swelling and/or color change of vulva

23. Beef Terms
A Mature Male is called a:
Bull
A Mature Female is called a:
Cow
The act of Giving Birth is called:
Calving
Gestation =
283 days
A Castrated Male is called a:
Steer
An Immature Female is called a:
Heifer

24. What do you call a mature male hog?
Boar
What do you call a mature female hog?
Sow
What do you call the act of giving birth?
Farrowing
What do you call a castrated male hog?
Barrow
What do you call an young female hog?
Gilt
What is the gestation for hogs?
114 days or 3 months, 3 weeks, & 3 days

25. Poultry Terms
What do you call a mature male?
Rooster
What do you call a mature female?
Hen
What do you call a young female?
Pullet
What do you call a castrated male?
Capon
Chickens Hatch
What is the incubation period?
21 days

26. What do you call a mature male horse?
Stallion
What do you call a mature female horse?
Mare
What do you call a castrated male horse?
Gelding
What do you call a young horse?
foal or colt

27. What do you call an immature female horse?
Filly
What do you call the act of giving birth for horses?
Foaling
What is the gestation for a horse?
330 days