1. Human Reproduction

2. The Male Reproductive System
This consists of:
A pair of testes situated in a scrotum
The epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and urethra
The accessory glands: seminal vesicles, prostate glands and Cowper’s glands
Penis

3. The Male Reproductive System

4. The Testis Testis are the male sex organs,
They occur in a bag like scrotum which lies outside the abdominal cavity
The testes produce sperm, which cannot survive long at body temperature. Sperm leave the body in semen, a fluid produced by the seminal vesicles.
Within each testis are found seminiferous tubules

5. The Testis These are lined by germinal epithelium cells
These cells produce the spermatozoa by spermatogenesis
Inside the seminiferous tubules, there are specialised cells called sertoli cells

8. nucleus containing DNA
Sex cells – sperm
In males, the sex cells are called sperm.
tail
middle piece
head
cell membrane
nucleus containing DNA
Sperm are produced in sex organs called testes.

9. The Testis
These cells secrete the male sex hormone called testosterone
When sexual maturity (puberty) occurs, testosterone is responsible for the development of male characteristics
Such as
The growth of hair on the face, armpits and pubic areas
Lowering of voice
Development of muscles which give males their shape such as broad shoulders

10. What happens during puberty?
Humans are born with a complete set of sex organs. However, they do not usually become active until between the ages of 10 and 18.
In males, the testes start to make sperm, and in females, the ovaries start to release eggs.
This stage of development is called puberty.
During this important time, many changes take place in the bodies of young men and women.

11. Ducts responsible for carrying the spermatozoa from the testis to the penis
The tubes responsible for carrying the spermatozoa include:
Epididymis
Vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts
urethra

12. The Testis These cells are rich in glycogen
This glycogen serves as nutrients for the spermatids as they develop into sperm cells
Between the seminiferous tubules are intestitial cells called cells of Leydig

13. Tubes Responsible for carrying the spermatozoa
The epididymis is a coiled tube lying outside the testis but within the scrotum
It leads from seminiferous tubules, stores sperm temporarily
Later passes the sperm into vas deferens

14. Tubes Responsible for carrying the spermatozoa- vas deferens
The vas deferens (sperm duct)
carries the spermatozoa from the epididymis
through the abdomen into the ejaculatory duct

16. Tubes Responsible for carrying the spermatozoa- ejaculatory ducts
The two ejaculatory ducts join the urethra just after it leaves the bladder
Contraction of the muscular wall of the ducts forces its content (semen) through the urethra

17. Tubes Responsible for carrying the spermatozoa - urethra
The urethra is a tube which runs through the penis and opens at the tip
It is a common tube for the passage of urine or semen

18. Accessory Glands
The tubes transporting the spermatozoa are joined by seminal vesicles:
prostate glands
and Cowper’s gland

19. Accessory Glands These glands:
Secrete a fluid which promotes movement of the spermatozoa
Secretes a fluid which provides nutrition to the spermatozoa

20. Functions of the accessory glands
Seminal Vesicles
Secretes a fluid that nourishes and enables sperm to move.
Prostate gland
Secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidity.
Cowper’s glands
Two glands by prostate that secrete a fluid that neutralizes acidity.

22. The Penis The penis is the external reproductive organ of the male
Made up of spongy tissue
Becomes filled with blood causing the penis to become erect
Then inserted into the female organ

25. The male reproductive system

26. The female reproductive system

27. An overview This system consists of: A pair of ovaries
A fallopian tube or oviduct
The uterus or womb
The vagina or birth canal
The vulva or external opening

29. The Ovaries The ovaries are the female sex organs
Occur un the lower part of the abdominal cavity and are held in place by ligaments
Each ovary is made up of a covering of germinal epithelium with a large number of follicles within it

31. The Ovaries The germinal epithelium produces the follicles
Oogenesis takes place within the follicles to produce the ova
Follicles secrete the female hormones oestrogen and progesterone

33. The Ovaries
When puberty occurs, the female sex hormones are responsible for the development of female characteristics
Such as:
Increase in size of breasts
Development of pubic and armpit hair
And menstruation

36. The fallopian tubes (oviducts)
The fallopian tubes convey ova from the ovaries to the uterus
Upper part is expanded into ciliated funnels
Partially enclosed ovaries

37. The Uterus
Two fallopian tubes open into the uterus which is pear shaped, hollow organ with muscular walls
The ling of the uterus is called endometrium, is richly supplied with blood vessels

39. The Uterus
The neck of the uterus, called the cervix, extends into the vagina
The uterus serves for the attachment of the embryo
Fertilisation takes place

40. Gametogenesis

41. Gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis refers to the process by which spermatozoa are produced from the germinal epithelium of the testis
Oogenesis is the process where ova is produced from germinal epithelium of the ovaries

43. Spermatogenesis
At puberty, the germinal epithelial cells lining the seminiferous tubules start to produce spermatozoa by meiosis
Each germinal epithelium is diploid and in humans the diploid number is 46
Since the sperm is produced by meiosis, each one will be haploid with 22 single chromosome and X or Y chromosome

45. Spermatogenesis The process is as follows:
Cells of germinal epithelium become actively dividing cells called spermatogonia
Each spermatogonium, which is diploid (2n), enlarges to become a primary spermatocyte (also 2n)

49. Spermatogenesis
Primary spermatocyte undergoes the first meiotic division forming 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes
Each secondary spermatocyte undergoes the second meiotic division to produce 2 spermatids
Each spermatid matures to form a spermatozoan
Each spermatozoan is made up of a head, a middle-piece and a tail

50. Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle
Inside the ovary of females there are large sac like structures called Graafian follicles
Each follicle contains a maturing ovum
The growth of he ovum inside the Graafian follicle is controlled by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Secreted by anterior lobe of the hypophysis or pituitary gland
These are produced by the germinal epithelium

53. Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle
Between day 11 and 16, ovulation takes place
During ovulation, a single graaffian follicle ruptures and sets free an ovum
The ovum is collected by the funnel of the fallopian tube and passes down toward the uterus

56. Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle
Luteinising hormone (LH),
also produced by the anterior lobe,
helps convert ruptured follicle into a structure called corpus luteum

57. Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle
If the ovum is fertilized by a sperm cell
Corpus luteum secretes hormone progesterone
Makes certain that the embryo remains attached to the uterus wall
Ensures pregnancy remains

58. Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle
If the ovum is not fertilized, the corpus luteum is destroyed
Little progesterone is secreted and menstruation occurs
During menstruation, the endometrium lining of the uterus comes off as the menstrual period

60. Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle
This is accompanied by bleeding
Menstruation takes place about 14 days after ovulation
The next egg is then released about 14 days after menstruation

63. Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle
There are 2 separate sub-cycles during the menstrual cycle
The ovarian cycle
The uterine cycle

66. Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle
The ovarian cycle describes what happens in the ovary
The uterine cycle describes the changes that are made in the uterus lining
A graafian follicle, at different stages, produces oestregen and progesterone

68. Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle
These hormones control what happens ti the uterine wall
The cycles are closely related
The entire menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones produced by anterior lobe of hypophysis

69. Fertilisation and implantation

71. Fertilisation and implantation
During sexual intercourse/ copulation. Penis is placed into vagina and spermatozoan is released
It swims up to uterus and into fallopian tube

74. Fertilisation and implantation
If an ovum is present in this time, the sperm will fertilise it
Resulting in a diploid zygote
The moment of fertilisation is called conception
Spermatozoan has 22 single autosomes and X or Y chromosome
Ovum has 22 single autosomes and an X chromosome

75. Fertilisation and implantation
Fertilisation usually takes place in the upper part of the fallopian tube
There is not enough space here for a baby to grow
It has to move down to the uterus for more

91. Fig

93. Fertilisation and implantation
It is moved down the fallopian tube by beating oh fine hair-like structures on the walls
As it passes down into the uterus, it divides by mitosis
This happens many times

94. Fertilisation and implantation
All cells are identical
By the time it reaches the uterus it is a hollow ball of cells called blastocyst
By the ninth day, th blastocyct is now called and embryo

95. Fertilisation and implantation
The process of developing the embryo and becoming attached to the uterine wall is called implantation
In the meantime, the corpus luteum has secreted progesterone

96. Fertilisation and implantation
The endometrium lining of the uterus has become thicker and
supplied with blood vessels

97. Embryonic development and Pregnancy

98. Embryonic development and Pregnancy
Another term for pregnancy is the gestation period
It lasts for about 280 days which is slightly more than 9 months

100. Embryonic development and Pregnancy
Embryo increases in shape and size as it grows
By 12 weeks the embryo has grown quite a lot, and will look clearly like a human baby
It is now called the foetus

102. Development of the extra-embryonic membranes

103. Development of the extra-embryonic membranes
Soon after the blastocyst itself to the uterus wall, 2 membranes develop around it
Extra-embryonic membranes

105. Development of the extra-embryonic membranes
These membranes are:
The chronian on the outside, forms chronic villi
An amnion, on the inside, with amniotic cavity filled with amniotic fluid

108. Development of the extra-embryonic membranes
Chronic villi with uterine tissue make up the placenta
A hollow rope-like tube called umbilical cord, attaches the embryo to the placenta

109. Development of the extra-embryonic membranes
The placenta has the following functions:
Attachment of embryo to mother
Diffusion of desolved food from mother to foetus

110. Development of the extra-embryonic membranes
Diffusion of oxygen from mother to foetus
and carbon dioxide from foetus to mother

111. Development of the extra-embryonic membranes
After 12 weeks of pregnancy it secretes its own progesterone which maintains pregnany

112. Development of the extra-embryonic membranes
The amniotic fluid has the following functions:
Shock absorber
Prevents dehydration

114. Development of the extra-embryonic membranes
Keeps foetus within a small temperature range
Allows free foetal movement for growth and development

115. Development of the extra-embryonic membranes
The umbilical cord contains the umbilical artery and vein
The artery carries deoxygenated blood with nitrogenous wastes from the embryo to the placenta
The vein carries oxygenated blood and food

116. Birth
Occurs about 280 days after fertilisation, this happens in 3 stages
Stage 1:
Uterus contracts
Head pushed against cervix
Membranes break
Cervix dilates

117. Birth Stage 2: Baby forced out through birth canal Umbilical cord cut
Baby handed to mother
Stage3:
Placenta becomes loose
Placenta pushed out as the ”after-birth

118. Contraception Natural Methods Withdrawal
Description
Natural Methods
Withdrawal
The penis is removed out of the vagina before ejaculation but it is not safe method because many sperms are released during sexual intercourse
Rhythm method
Sexual intercourse is avoided during ovulation. This is not a safe method of contraception because it is impossible to be 100 % sure when ovulation will occur

119. Contraception Barrier methods Condom
Description
Barrier methods
Condom
Act as a barrier to stop sperms from entering the vagina
Femidom
Act as a barrier to stop sperms from getting into the uterus/Fallopian tubes
IUD/loop
It prevents fertilised eggs/embryos from becoming attached to the uterine wall and is highly effective
Diaphragm
It covers the cervical opening and prevents sperm from entering the uterus and is fairly effective

120. Contraception Method Description Chemical/drug treatment Spermicides
It contains a chemical substance that kills sperm and acts as a barrier/prevents sperm from entering the Fallopian tubes. They are not very reliable on their own.
Contraceptive pills
Contains artificially produced hormones which prevents the production of eggs/ovulation. Signalling the body that it is already pregnant. It changes the lining of the cervix/womb. It is a very reliable method.
Contraceptive injections
It contains progesterone/combination of oestrogen and progesterone which stops ovulation/changes the lining of the womv and the cervix. It works for 2 to 3 months and are very effective.

121. Contraception Surgical methods Male Sterilisation
Description
Surgical methods
Male Sterilisation
The sperm ducts are cut and tied. Semen without sperm is produced and is a very effective method of contraception.
Female Sterilisation
The Fallopian tubes are cut and tied during a small surgical operation preventing the fusion of sperm and egg

122. syphilis Caused by spiral bacterium, treponema pallidum Transmission:
Sex with infected partner, mother to child
Symptoms:
Nodules on sex organs
Rash over the body
Sore throat and aching muscles

123. syphilis Can attack tissue or organ including skin
Lead to blindness and death
Treatment:
Antibiotics in early stages

124. gonorrhoea Causes: Coccus bacterium, gonococus Transmission:
Sex with infected person
Symptoms:
Frequent and painful urination, discharge
Sterility in men and woman

125. gonorrhoea Treatment: Antibiotics, penicillin
More difficult to cure in late stages

126. Prevention of stds Most stds are life-threatening
For many of them, there is no cure
Medication, nutritious diet and healthy lifestyle can slow down progress of the disease
Use A B C method
Abstain from sexual activites
Be faithful to your partner
Condomise