1. Ch. 6 Sec. 1
The Age of Invention

2. Industrial Revolution Pre-test
What is the Industrial Revolution?
Significant change in technology, industry, and manufacturing
In what time period did it occur?
1700s – 1900s
In what country did it begin?
Great Britain, but quickly spread to USA

3. Industrial Innovations
Second Industrial Revolution begins
Marked by the invention of steel
What began the 1st Industrial Revolution?
- Coal and Steam Engines

4. Steel Bessemer Process
created a cheaper, faster, more effective way to produce steel
Invented by Henry Bessemer
Where are the major steel centers in the US?
- Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Gary IN

5. Oil Discovered in 1859 by Edwin Drake in Titusville PA
Oil Boom began in Ohio, PA, and WV looking for “Black Gold”
Spread to TX in 1901
Elijah McCoy patented a lubricating cup feeding oil to machines to help them run better

6. Transportation 1. Railroads
1869 – 1st Transcontinental Railroad Completed
Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR’s joined
Bessemer Process had a significant impact on railroad industry
Benefits of Railroads
Increased settlement in west
Urbanization
Jobs
Industrial Growth

7. Automobile
Horseless carriage created, leading to creation of car
Limited in use b/c too expensive
Airplanes
Orville and Wilbur Wright (Wright Brothers) of Dayton, OH made 1st piloted flight in Kitty Hawk, NC

8. Communications Telegraph Telephone Typewriter
Created by Samuel Morse in 1837
Communicate over wires = Morse Code
Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell – 1837
Typewriter
Christopher Sholes – 1867
Created jobs for women
How do these inventions affect our lives today?

9. Edison and Menlo Park
Edison and his partners at Menlo Park were responsible for the creation of many useful inventions such as :
Telegraph that could send 4 messages at one time
Phonographs
Motion-picture cameras
Lightbulb (Lewis Latimer)
Electric Power Plant
Electricity in homes, electric streetcars, street lights

10. Ch. 6 Sec. 2
Rise of Big Business

11. Capitalism US economic system
Individuals control the factors of production, meaning:
Private businesses run industries
Competition controls price
Businesses determine wages
Laissez-faire capitalism – no government intervention; businesses free to do as they choose
Capitalism is also known as free enterprise or market economy

12. Critics of Capitalism
Karl Marx and his followers believed that capitalism was harmful to society and the working class
Wanted to create a political system that removed inequalities of wealth known as Marxism or Communism
Communism – government controls factors of production
Property and means of production are owned by everyone in the community
Community provides for everyone equally
Goal: Create a classless society

13. Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer “survival of the fittest”
Only the strongest people, businesses, and nations would rise to wealth and power

14. Corporations Large businesses funded by shareholders
Many corporations formed trusts and monopolies to gain more control over the market
Carnegie Steel
Vertical Integration – acquired companies that provided the materials and services that his business depended on
Ex: He owned the coal and iron mines that provided materials to make his steel, and bought the railroads and steamship lines used to transport the goods. This allowed him to cut costs and make a bigger profit by controlling every step in the manufacturing process.
Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company
One of the first trusts in the US
Used both vertical and horizontal integration
Horizontal Integration – one company controls the other companies producing the same product

15. Railroad Giant George Pullman
Manufactured railroad cars that made long-distance travel more comfortable creating a massive passenger-railroad-car industry
Created company towns, or planned communities for his workers
Hoped it would encourage educated, healthy, peaceful workers
He controlled daily life making many people miserable

16. Mass Marketing
Companies developed new ways of persuading consumers to purchase their products:
Brand names, bright packaging, logos, advertisements, and slogans
Department stores opened allowing people to buy a variety of products under one roof
Targeted women as both employees and customers

17. Labor Strives to Organize
Ch. 6 Sec. 3
Labor Strives to Organize

18. Government and Business
US govt. policies benefited businesses, NOT workers
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) passed – outlawed monopolies and trusts that restrained trade
Failed to define a monopoly, so hard to enforce law = ineffective

19. New Working Class Immigrants Rural Americans moving to the cities
African Americans
Moved from South to find better jobs and escape discrimination
Still subjected to discrimination b/c most jobs went to native-born whites over immigrants or African Americans
Usually had most dangerous, dirtiest jobs

21. Women and Children Women worked b/c families needed the income
# of female workers doubled between 1870 and 1890
By 1890 about 20% of children between 10 and 15 worked to make $$$ for their families
Worked in:
Textile mills – 1 in 4 workers were younger than 16
Garment factories
Canneries
Mines
Shoe factories

23. Working Conditions Long Hours - 12 hours/day Low wages – pennies a day
Child labor
Unskilled workers made less than skilled workers
Dangerous working conditions – injuries on the job with no compensation
Company towns

24. Labor Unions Knights of Labor (K of L) Fought For:
Expanded under Terence V. Powderly
Attracted workers who were often excluded from other unions
Immigrants, Women, African Americans, unskilled workers, skilled workers, but NOT Chinese
Fought For:
Temperance
8 hr. workday
Equal pay for equal work
End to child labor
Large union – 700,000 members

25. Great Upheaval & Haymarket Riot
Great Upheaval began in 1877 when railroad workers went on strike b/c of a pay cut
Pres. Hayes ordered federal troops to protect the railroad, angering workers and leading to strikes in 14 states
Haymarket Riot began in 1886 when 40,000 Chicago workers went on strike against McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. for an 8-hour workday
Became a violent confrontation between strikers and police
60 police wounded, seven police officers and one civilian dead
Police arrested 8 anarchists and four were hanged

26. Haymarket Riot
May 1, ,000 workers in Chicago went on strike for an 8 hr. workday
Anarchists took over the strike, and it spun out of control
May 3, 1886 there was a police confrontation and 2 people were killed
Strikers continued to protest peacefully, but when police showed up a bomb exploded and shots were fired
60 policemen injured, 7 police killed, 1 civilian dead
8 anarchists convicted and charged with conspiracy – 4 hanged

27. Unions American Federation of Labor (AFL) Samuel Gompers 1886
Helped skilled workers
As a result of the Haymarket Riots, unskilled workers were forced out of unions
Businesses put them on blacklists
Forced to sign yellow-dog contracts where they promised they would not be part of a union

28. Pullman Strikes
May Pullman sleeping-car factory workers went on strike b/c of wage cuts and refusal to lower rent or prices in company town
Eugene V. Debs led American Railway Union (ARU) refusing to work or ride on trains with Pullman cars
Result: RR traffic stopped in Midwest and lost a lot of money
Asked govt. for help to end strike – govt. sided with businesses and strikers lost