1. Reproductive system: collection of specialized organs, glands and hormones that help to produce a new human being. Puberty: hypothalamus and pituitary gland release hormones that begin the process of developing your sexual characteristics and reproductive system

2. The female reproductive system produces ova.
There are two main functions of the female reproductive system.
produce ova, or egg cells
provide a place where a zygote develops
uterus
cervix
rectum
vagina
urethra
urinary bladder
pubic bone
ovary
fallopian
tube

3. Female reproductive organs are all INTERNAL
To protect a fertilized egg while it develops
Eggs (ova) are produced in the ovaries
Uterus (womb)– in between the 2 ovaries
When a female is born- she already has about 2 million potential egg cells stored in her ovaries!!
uterus
cervix
rectum
vagina
urethra
urinary bladder
pubic bone
ovary
fallopian
tube

4. In the ovaries:
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizng hormone (LH) stimulate the release of estrogen
Estrogen – steroid hormone - has three main functions:
develop female sexual characteristics
-widening of the pelvis
-increasing fat deposits and bone mass
-enlarging breasts
develop eggs
prepare uterus for pregnancy every month and maintain a pregnancy when it occurs

5. When an egg cells matures each month…
Released from ovary
Enters fallopian tube-10 cm long, connects ovary to uterus
Egg takes several days to travel through
Can only be fertilized by sperm in the fallopian tube
Fertilized egg: will attach to wall of uterus
Unfertilized egg: will be broken down and discarded

6. Lower end of uterus = cervix: opens into vagina
Size and shape of a pear
3 layers:
thin layer of epithelial cells
thick middle layer of muscle
outer layer of connective tissue
Lower end of uterus = cervix: opens into vagina

7. The male reproductive system produces sperm.
There are two main functions of the male reproductive system.
produce sperm cells
deliver sperm to the female reproductive system
urinary bladder
vas deferens
pubic bone
prostate gland
penis
urethra
testis
scrotum
epididymis
bulbourethral
gland
rectum
seminal vesicle

8. Males do not produce sperm cells until puberty- but then can produce them their entire lives
Sperm production occurs in the testicles (testes)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates release of testosterone
Testosterone has two main functions.
developing male sexual characteristics (deeper voice, more body hair, greater bone density, increased muscle mass)
producing sperm

9. Sperm production in the testes is controlled by hormones.
Testosterone, FSH, and LH stimulate sperm production.
one sex cell divides into four sperm
each sperm has 23 chromosomes
potential
sperm
4 sperm cells
Meiosis I
Meiosis II

10. Testes are enclosed in a pouch called the scrotum
Hangs below the pelvis on the outside of body
Keeps testes 2-3 degrees cooler than the core body temp.
Allows sperm to develop
Immature sperm leave testes through epididymis (long, coiled tube)- place where sperm mature and stay until expelled or reabsorbed.

11. Sperm cells fully mature in the epididymis. head contains acrosome
midpiece contains ATP
tail allows mobility
acrosome
head
midpiece
tail
mitochondria
nucleus with 23 chromosomes

12. During sexual stimulation-
Sperm travel into another long duct= vas deferens
Other sex glands secrete fluids into the vas deferens to nourish and protect the sperm
Prostate gland (surround urethra) produces a fluid that helps sperm move more easily
Bulbourethral gland & seminal vesicle- secrete basic fluids to help neutralize the acidity in urethra and in female’s vagina
Semen= fluid from these 3 glands together with sperm

13. During sexual arousal- Blood flows into penis (makes it rigid)
Semen moves from vas deferens into urethra
Ejaculation is when semen exits urethra and leaves penis
- when this occurs- a muscle closes off the bladder to prevent urine from mixing with the semen in the urethra
-smooth muscle contractions propel the semen along the urethra

14. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell joins an egg cell.
Sperm penetrates an egg.
membrane keeps out other sperm
nucleus of sperm joins with egg
zygote formed

15. Multiple zygotes can result from fertilization.
identical twins from the same egg
fraternal twins from two separate eggs
Infertility makes reproduction difficult or impossible.

16. Eggs mature and are released according to hormonal cycles.
potential
egg
first polar
body
second polar
ovum (egg)
Meiosis I
Completed
Meiosis II
only after
sperm
enters
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) regulate egg production.
meiosis produces eggs and polar bodies
each egg has 23 chromosomes
meiosis is completed at fertilization

17. Female Reproductive Cycle Controlled by hormones released by the:
Feedback Loops among hormones ensure that each process occurs at the right time and in the right order
Female Reproductive Cycle
Controlled by hormones released by the:
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Ovaries
Feedback loops each month cause the hormone levels to rise and fall

18. Production of eggs begins before a female is born Meiosis begins:
Meiosis I begins and then the potential eggs enter a resting phase that last until puberty
@birth- about 2 million partially developed eggs in ovaries
Many break down before puberty- ~400,000 left
A monthly hormone cycle begins the 2nd stage:
Every 28 days or so FSH increases
Stimulates a potential egg to complete meiosis I
Divides unevenly = 1 gets most of cytoplasm, nutrients, and organelles
This one will complete meiosis II only after a sperm enters it
Cell divides again to produce an ovum (egg) w/ 23 chromosomes

19. FSH, LH, and estrogen stimulate the release of eggs.
Each developing sex cell is surrounded by group of cells called follicle that help egg to mature
follicle ruptures and egg is released from ovary =ovulation
egg travels into fallopian tube
fallopian
tube
egg cell
egg released
corpus luteum
uterine wall
ovary
follicle
uterus
5 to 7 days to uterus

20. Over the next 5-7 days egg moves through fallopian tube to uterus
Unfertilized eggs are discarded during menstruation
Most women: only one egg released/month
Which ovary it comes from is random
About eggs released in a female’s repro. life
Menstrual Cycle
Producing and releasing an egg and preparing uterus
Length of cycle is different for each female (~28 days)
3 main phases:
Flow phase -endometrium sheds
Follicular phase-ovulation occurs
Luteal phase-corpus luteum forms

21. Day 1: 1st day of menstrual flow
FLOW PHASE:
Day 1: 1st day of menstrual flow
Uterus lining (endometrium) detaches from wall and passes through vagina to outside
Blood, mucus and tissue fluid are also expelled
Muscles help to expel it (cramping)
FSH starts to rise another follicle starts to mature

22. Eggs mature and are released according to hormonal cycles.

23. Follicular Phase: about day 6day 14
Estrogen is low at start
Pituitary gland is stimulated to release more FSH and LH
Causes egg and follicle to mature
Ovulation occurs around day 14
As egg develops, follicle releases estrogen
Causes endometrium to thicken AND
Stimulates production of LH- causes follicle to rupture, releasing egg

24. Eggs mature and are released according to hormonal cycles.

25. Luteal Phase: Hormones released to stop egg production
Develop endometrium
Empty follicle turns yellow and is called corpus luteum
Releases estrogen and progesterone
- increase blood vessels in endometrium
- limits production of LH
- if not fertilized, these high levels will signal the stop of
FSH and LH release
-then corpus luteum breaks down and stops releasing
hormones
- as a result: uterus lining breaks down and is shed back to FLOW Phase again

26. Eggs mature and are released according to hormonal cycles.

27. The menstrual cycle stops at menopause.
cycle continues until a woman’s mid-40’s or 50’s
decline in hormone levels make cycles irregular
eventually, cycle stops altogether

28. Sperm production in the testes is controlled by hormones.
Testosterone, FSH, and LH stimulate sperm production.
one sex cell divides into four sperm
each sperm has 23 chromosomes
potential
sperm
4 sperm cells
Meiosis I
Meiosis II

29. Pituitary gland receives message to release FSH and LH
Circulate to testes
Testes release testosterone
Causes specialized cells to go through meiosis to develop mature sperm
As testosterone increases, FSH and LH decrease
(feedback loop to control amount of sperm produced)
Sperm divide into 4 equal sperm cells

30. Sperm cells fully mature in the epididymis.
head contains acrosome
Has enzymes that help sperm to penetrate egg’s membrane
midpiece contains ATP
tail allows mobility
acrosome
head
midpiece
tail
mitochondria
nucleus with 23 chromosomes
-After sperm released through
penis, testosterone levels
decline
-stimulates hypothalamus and
sperm production begins
again

31. Fertilization…
During sexual intercourse, the penis is inserted into the vagina until the tip comes close to the opening of the uterus.
Semen is ejaculated through the penis
Sperm released into vagina
One ejaculation can contain million sperm cells
Sperm must swim up through uterus into fallopian tubes

32. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell joins an egg cell.
Sperm penetrates an egg.
membrane keeps out other sperm
Egg completes meiosis II
nucleus of sperm joins with nucleus of egg
zygote formed

33. Multiple zygotes can result from fertilization.
identical twins from the same egg
fraternal twins from two separate eggs
Infertility – any condition that makes reproduction difficult or impossible
Vas deferens too narrow, blocked
Sperm count too low or sperm weakened or deformed
Illnesses can destroy testes ability to produce sperm
Illnesses can damage ovaries or fallopian tubes
Fallopian tubes deformed or blocked
Eggs can have defects

34. Sexually transmitted diseases affect fertility and overall health.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are passed from one person to another during sexual contact.
bacterial STDs include chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea
viral STDs include hepatitis B, genital herpes, human papillomavirus, and HIV
HIV

35. Viral STDs can be treated, but there is no cure for these diseases.
Bacterial STDs can be treated, and in many cases, cured with antibiotics
A parasite causes trichomoniasis, which can affect fertility.
Viral STDs can be treated, but there is no cure for these diseases.
STDs attack reproductive organs.
can cause infertility
untreated, some can be fatal
STDs can be avoided by abstinence or by using a condom.

36. The zygote becomes a blastocyst and implants in the uterus.
The fertilized egg implants into the uterus and is nourished by the placenta and umbilical cord.
The zygote becomes a blastocyst and implants in the uterus.
ectoderm develops into skin and nervous system
mesoderm develops into Internal tissues and organs
endoderm develops into digestive organs and their lining
blastocyst
uterine wall
Implantation of blastocyst

37. The blastocyst becomes an embryo.
Embryonic membranes protect and nourish the embryo.
amniotic sac cushions embryo.
placenta connects mother and embryo.
umbilical cord connects embryo to placenta.
placenta
umbilical cord
uterus
amniotic sac

38. A zygote develops into a fully formed fetus in about 38 weeks.
Human pregnancies are divided into trimesters.
1st trimester: body plan and early development

39. 2nd trimester: fetus more active, developed

40. 3rd trimester: all organs fully formed
After about 38 weeks, fetus is ready to be born.

41. The mother affects the fetus, and pregnancy affects the mother.
The fetus depends on the mother for all its nutrition.
mother's diet must support fetal health
mother must avoid toxic chemicals

42. The mother’s health is affected by pregnancy in a number of ways.
increase in Calories and body weight
pregnancy hormones affecting homeostasis
regular medical checkups needed

43. Birth occurs in three stages.
Stage one of birth is the dilation of the cervix.
contractions push cervix open
if cervix dilates too little, C-section done
STAGE 1
As regular, strong contractions occur,
the cervix dilates and the baby turns.

44. Stage two is the emergence of the baby. baby usually born headfirst
oxytocin stimulates milk production
STAGE 2
The baby is pushed through the cervix
and out of the vaginal canal.

45. Stage three is the expulsion of the placenta.
placenta detaches from uterine wall
contractions helps control bleeding
STAGE 3
Contractions continue, expelling the
placenta and helping to control bleeding.

46. Human growth and aging also occur in stages.
Genetics, hormones, lifestyle, environment affect all stages.
during infancy, growth is rapid
during childhood, motor and language skills develop

47. Genetics, hormones, lifestyle, environment affect all stages.
during puberty, sexually maturity begins
during adolescence, growth is rapid and the brain rewired
adulthood marks the peak of skills and independence

48. Aging is also affected by genetics, hormones, lifestyle, environment.
Effects of aging can be reduced with good diet, exercise, and continued learning.
Jerry Peel at age 1 1/2
Jerry Peel at age 17
Jerry Peel at age 71