2. Female/Male Notes Schmit

3. Animal Reproduction = SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

4. Female Reproductive System a. Female reproductive organ = Ovary Job: egg production and release produce estrogen and progesterone Location: Either side of lower abdomen 1.5 inch oval in size

5. What is the egg (Ova)? a. female reproductive cell b. 23 chromosomes c. has a food supply d. size of a dot (largest cell in the body)

6. II. The egg (haploid = 23 chromosomes ) a. When are eggs made? Prior to birth in the female fetus each ovary has between 200,000 and 1 million eggs present each contained in a follicle

7. When are the eggs released? a. First time is at puberty when female makes estrogen to cause eggs to mature b. one follicle ruptures every 28 days makes progesterone c. ovulation is the release of an egg d. ruptured follicle = corpus luteum e.corpus luteum f. ovaries take turns releasing an egg

8. Does the female actually release all of her 400,000 eggs? a. no – takes too long b. only about 400 eggs get used up c. fertile span (12 – 50 years old) (http://biology.clemson.edu/biolab/ovum.html ) http://biology.clemson.edu/biolab/ovum.html

9. Where does the egg go after ovulation? c. oviduct is not connected to ovary d. oviduct is 4 inches long with cilia to push egg along e. trip takes 6 – 10 days a. leaves ovary and attempts to get into oviduct b. opening of oviduct is about the size of a hyphen

10. a. Trace the path of the egg from ovulation (release) to implantation (pregnancy): i. Captured by fimbrae of oviduct i. Captured by fimbrae of oviduct ii. Travel down oviduct, fertilized by sperm ii. Travel down oviduct, fertilized by sperm iii. Growing ball of cells implanted in uterus wall iii. Growing ball of cells implanted in uterus wall

11. How long does an egg live? a. 72 hours after ovulation b. 24 hours in oviduct c. dies after 72 hours and disintegrates because food supply is gone d. if fertilized, pregnancy starts and another food supply is created

12. Anatomy Ovary – 1.5 inch sphere Oviduct (Fallopian Tube)– Tubes from near ovary into the uterus Mammary glands – milk production

13. Uterus – Pear shaped organ, womb Endometrium – inner lining of the uterus Myometrium - layer of muscle

14. Cervix – opening at the base of the base of the uterus, dilates open during delivery of a baby. Vagina – tube to the outside of the body

15. Picture female parts

16. If the egg gets fertilized, where does it go? Travels to the Uterus – pear shaped and very flexible Are drugs, medication or diet going to affect the final outcome of the egg? No – meiosis is unaffected once it is started However, mitosis is greatly affected so fetal development can be harmed.

17. What affects the female’s reproductive system? a. pregnancy b. venereal disease c. age d. Stress and emotions e. cancer (27% of female cancers affect reproductive system, 18% breast cancer, 9% uterine cancer)

18. Secondary Sex Characteristics Secondary Sex Characteristics a. Breast enlarge b. Body contours change c. Genitals develop d. Pubic hair e. armpit hair f. Menarche = 1 st menstruation

19. VIII. Hormones  Estrogen and _ Progesterone _ are made in the _ Ovary _ Estrogen is released by follicle and matures the egg. Progesterone maintains the uterine lining after ovulation. Estrogen and Progesterone

20. Problems: vulvovaginitis an inflammation of the vulva and vagina. ectopic pregnancy, when a fertilized egg, or zygote, doesn't travel into the uterus, but instead grows rapidly in the fallopian tube. ectopic pregnancy, when a fertilized egg, or zygote, doesn't travel into the uterus, but instead grows rapidly in the fallopian tube.

21. endometriosisendometriosis when tissue normally found only in the uterus starts to grow outside the uterus — in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or other parts of the pelvic cavity. It can cause abnormal bleeding, painful periods, and general pelvic pain endometriosis http://www.endocenter.org/endoflash_high speed.htm http://www.endocenter.org/endoflash_high speed.htm

22. Ovarian Cysts – non-cancerous sacs filled with fluid or semisolid material. Are Common, usually harmless. Usually disappear on their own. Ovarian Tumors - Girls with ovarian tumors may have abdominal pain and masses that can be felt in the abdomen – rare

23. Cervical Cancer – abnormal cell growth on the cervix Symptoms: Continuous vaginal discharge, which may be pale, watery, pink, brown, bloody, or foul- smelling Fatigue pain in pelvic area, back, or leg Loss of appetite Weight loss Fatigue

24. Male Reproductive System Male reproductive organ = Teste s Job: Produce sperm, nourish sperm, and produce testosterone Job: Produce sperm, nourish sperm, and produce testosteroneLocation: a. develop in region near Kidneys in an embryo b. must descend through a canal into scrotum c. reason outside of body – 98.6 Degrees too warm for sperm to be made

25. What is the sperm? a. tad pole shaped b. Able to move around by flagella (whip like tail) c. no food supply of their own d. 23 chromosomes in the head Mitochondrial Flagella Enzymes DNA

26. e. 1/500” long f. 300,000,000/tsp produced in large numbers 10-30 billion daily g. Father determines sex X or Y

27. Sperm (haploid = 23 chromosomes) When are sperm made? a. a. during meiosis called spermatogenesis b. b. billions in a lifetime How long does sperm live? Between 48 - 72 hours out of the body. (http://www.raysahelian.co m/sperm.html) http://www.raysahelian.co m/sperm.htmlhttp://www.raysahelian.co m/sperm.html

28. Where would a sperm meet an egg? a. introduced into vagina and then meets egg in oviduct or fallopian tubes b. Only 50-200 of the 2-300 million get close to the egg

29. How are sperm released (ejaculation)? Through the vas deferens and out the urethra

31. Seminal vesicle – Produces fructose or food for sperm energy Seminal vesicle – Produces fructose or food for sperm energy Prostate –secretes milky alkaline fluid to decrease acidity of vagina and fluid to help with propelling Urethra – C ommon tube for sperm and urine

32. Vas deferens – long tube where sperm travels to urethra Epididymis – store and nurture sperm

33. Anatomy Testis – 1.5 inch oval in the scrotum, produce sperm and sex hormones Seminiferous tubules – Site of spermatogenesis (sperm making) located inside testis

34. Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland) – Secretes mucus-like fluid for lubrication Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland) – Secretes mucus-like fluid for lubrication Penis – External male organ Prepuce (foreskin) – Often removed Scrotum - suspends testes away from body Sperm production: http://www.howstuffworks.com/adam-200126.htm

35. Sperm vs. Semen Sperm vs. Semen Sperm are the reproductive cells Semen consists of the cells, nourishing fluids, and lubricating fluids from Cowper’s, Seminal, and Prostate Glands

36. What is circumcision? What is circumcision? Removal of the foreskin (prepuce) Difference between meiosis and mitosis? Meiosis = gamete Mitosis = growth What effects sperm? Age, diet, drugs, medication

37. Secondary Sex Characteristics a. Produce sperm b. Lowered voice c. Pubic and armpit hair d. Body contours change e. Genitals develop f. Some research indicates testosterone  hair loss

38. Hormone - _ Testosterone _ made in the __ Testes __ Hormone - _ Testosterone _ made in the __ Testes __ Sperm is made from puberty to death How does a vasectomy work?

39. Problems with Male Parts Problems with Male Parts Infertility problems: obstructive problems (blockages in sperm-carrying tubes) Sperm disorders (#, shape) raises temperature Varicocele (enlarged veins, similar to varicose veins, in the scrotum) raises temperature

40. Testicular cancer Age: most often occurs in men between the ages of 15 and 40.

41. Undescended testicle - testicles do not descend from the abdomen, where they are located during fetal development, to the scrotum shortly before birth. Family history: Race and ethnicity

42. Epididymitis - is inflammation of the epididymis Caused by STD or bacterial infection Testicular Injury - Even a mild injury to the testicles can cause severe pain, bruising, or swelling. Most testicular injuries occur when the testicles are struck, hit, kicked, or crushed, usually during sports or due to other trauma

43. Enlarged Prostate After the age of 40 the prostate enlarges and can press on the urethra. An enlarged prostate is often the cause of urinary problems in older men