1. Male and Female Reproductive Systems

2. Did you know?
The reproductive system is the only system not designed for the survival of the individual, but the survival of the species
The female egg cell is the largest human cell
500 million sperm are produced per day in a mature male
The ovaries of a newborn girl have about 600,000 eggs
A female is capable of giving birth to about 35 children in her lifetime

3. Male Reproductive system Male External Organs
Scrotum & penis
Male scrotum is outside the body to keep sperm just outside body. Sperm viable just below body temp.
When temperature is too low, scrotum retracts towards the body
When too hot, scrotum distends further away from the body
Both are covered by skin

4. Penis Urethra- 2 Corpora Cavernosa Glans- head of penis
Carries urine or semen
2 Corpora Cavernosa
The erectile tissue with many small cavities fill with blood to form erection
Glans- head of penis
Corona- posterior border of glans

5. Male Reproductive System

6. Internally divided into many lobules
Each lobule contains a seminiferous tubule
Spermatogenesis takes place here
Interstitial cells near septa that separate lobules
Secrete testosterone
Testes

7. Testosterone The “masculinizing hormone”
Responsible for change in voice
Stimulates protein anabolism  males usually more muscular /stronger
Changes size and shape of bones
Produces body and facial hair
Maintains development of male accessory organs

8. Spermatogenesis-10 Weeks to Development 2N diploid  N haploid

9. Haploid package of genes
Acrosome contains enzymes to penetrate the egg
Middle section packed with mitochondria
Flagella to swim
Sperm
With enzymes that help break through Zona pellucida that surrounds egg.
flagellum

10. Sperm Facts
Average of 180 million released at a time, can be up to 400 million
Sperm count less than 60 million is considered clinically infertile
Die in fresh water
Die as they dry out
Sperm can live in a female for up to 7 days

11. Accessory Ducts & Glands
Seminal Vesicle- produces about 60% of seminal fluid.
Proteins, enzymes, mucous, vitamin C, fructose
Prostate Gland- produces a slightly basic fluid (7.3 pH) to help neutralize acidity of vagina to preserve sperm % of seminal fluid
Bulbourethral Gland (Cowper’s Gland)- produces clear pre-ejaculate to lubricate urethra and neutralize urine residue
Ejaculatory Duct- Semen passes through during ejaculation

12. Male Fertility Testing
Sperm counts
Fructose levels
Motility
Structure

14. Disorders of Male Reproductive
Testicular Cancer-
Most common cancer in males under 40
Male teens should learn testicular examinations to feel for tumor growth
Hernia-
Portion of intestines breaks through abdominal wall into scrotum
Prostate Cancer
Prostate grows with age, and can become cancerous
Rare under 40
Pain passing urine or slow passage
Highly treatable if detected early
STDs

15. Circumcision

16. Post Vasectomy Sperm Counts to ensure successful

17. Female Reproductive System Female External Genitalia- Vulva

20. Ovaries
Made of several thousand ovarian follicles
Each contains an ovum
Produce one mature ovum per month
Produce sex cells & hormones
Estrogen & Progesterone

21. Female Reproductive System

22. Ovum Development Each ovum is in a follicle
Each follicle goes through a cycle of development each month releasing estrogen
When egg is released from mature follicle, ovulation occurs
Corpus Luteum- follicle without egg that produces progesterone, necessary to maintain pregnancy

23. Fallopian Tubes
Not connected to ovary
Eggs are discharged into abdomen and find their way to fallopian tubes
Lined with cilia to help move egg towards uterus

24. Uterus About the size of a pear Lies behind bladder
Late stages of pregnancy moves up and can push on diaphragm
Almost all muscle
Grows considerably to hold baby & fluid
Cervix is lower narrow section

25. Functions of Uterus Three functions Menstruation
Low levels of hormones after 14 days after ovulation trigger shedding of endometrium
Repairs itself after in preparation for pregnancy
Pregnancy
Labor

26. Vagina
Made of smooth muscle
Lined with a mucous membrane
Organ that sperm enters
Organ baby exits

27. Breasts Lies over pectoral muscles Mostly fatty tissue
15-20 radially arranged lobes containing several lobules
Lobules contain milk-secreting cells
Cells arranged in grape-like clusters called alveoli
Alveoli drain into lactiferous ducts that head towards nipple
Areolar colored region around nipple
Turns from pink to brown in early pregnancy

28. Menstrual Cycle Typically 28 days Consists of changes in Three phases
Menstruation
Postmenstrual
Premenstrual
One ovum matures per month for years
Consists of changes in
Breasts
Uterus
Ovaries
Vagina
Anterior Pituitary secretion of hormones

29. Ovulation
1st day of period is 1st day of cycle
Ovulation occurs 14 days before next period
Cycle may vary in length of days
Ovum only lives short time after it is ejected

30. Hormones Involved
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)- stimulates ovarian follicle to start growing and secreting estrogen
Estrogen- Responsible for breast growth, thickening of endometrium
Leteinizing Hormone (LH)- triggered by elevated blood estrogen. Causes maturation of ovum & follicle, ovulation, and formation of corpus luteum
Progesterone- secreted by corpus luteum and helps maintain pregnancy. If pregnant, placenta maintains level, if not, levels drop and menstruation occurs

31. Cycling of Hormones

32. Menstrual Cycle

33. How does “The Pill” work?
A 21 day combination of estrogen & progesterone
Suppresses FSH & prevents ovulation
Last 7 pills are placebo to maintain practice of pill taking
Antibiotics, anti-seizure, migrane medicine reduce effectiveness of pill
Does NOT protect against STDs

34. Female Disorders/Conditions
Endometriosis
Endometrial lining grows outside of the uterus
Very painful periods
Abnormal bleeding
Could cause infertility
Fibroids
Benign tumors
Pain, heaviness in abdomen
Menopause
Mechanisms of menstruation cease to function due to age
Ovarian Cysts
May cause pelvic or abdominal pain or bleeding if rupture
Most commonly benign but should be investigated
Result of follicles growing too large
Many go away on their own
HPV & STDs

35. Ectopic Pregnancy

36. Tubal Ligation