1. Chapter 4: Prenatal Development
Child Development
Chapter 4: Prenatal Development

2. Journal
Write down 5 phrases that explain what you know about pregnancy.

3. State Standards
3.1 Analyze hereditary and environmental factors affecting prenatal development beginning with conception
3.2 Analyze maternal and paternal health and environmental factors affecting conception and prenatal development

4. Video
Brain Pop-
Reproductive System

5. Conception
Vocabulary
Ovum
Uterus
Fallopian Tube
Sperm
Conception

6. Family Planning The only 100% method of contraception is abstinence
An ovum usually lives hours
A sperm usually lives hours
There are approximately 3-4 days in which intercourse could lead to conception

7. Contraceptive Methods
Groups 1-2
Each group will have 1 method.
Your responsibilities:
Find a picture of an example of that method
Turn picture into the assignment turn in folder
Give a 30 second spill about that method and show picture
Grade: Assignment worth 20 points
5 points for picture
10 points for spill
5 points for professionalism

8. Brainpop Video
“Genetics”

9. Genetic Package Each person inherits characteristics from parents
Chromosomes: tiny threadlike particles in the nucleus of every cell
Human babies receive 46 at conception- 23 pairs
Each chromosomes has thousands of genes: the units that determine inherited characteristics
For every inherited characteristic a person receives two copies of a gene- mother and father
Dominant Gene: stronger
Recessive Gene: weaker
Genome: The complete blueprint for the creation of a person

10. Making a Unique Person
Family often times look alike because of the gene combinations
Sex of a child is also determined at conception
Two types of sex chromosome: X and Y
Egg cells contain X
Sperm cells contain wither X or Y

11. Brainpop Video
“Heredity”
Punnett Square Activity

12. Journal What is infertility?
Name two other options an infertile mother would have?
What is the difference between identical and fraternal twins?

13. Multiple Births
Identical Twins: Fertilized egg divides into two separate babies
Fraternal Twins: two eggs are released at the same time and both are fertilized
2.5% of births are multiple births
More than 2 babies is even more rare
Most of the time multiple births (more than 2) results from treatment of infertility: the inability to become pregnant

14. Infertility Not all people are able to become pregnant
1st step: Doctor evaluates both parent’s help to determine cause
Fertility drugs may be prescribed if the cause is eggs are not released every month
Several drawbacks: serious side effects, multiple births, etc

15. Options for Infertility
After treatment for infertility some people are still not able to conceive
Some options:
Adoption
Artificial Insemination: sperm injected into woman’s uterus
In vitro Fertilization: Egg is fertilized outside body and then placed in the woman’s uterus
Ovum Transfer: egg from female donor then fertilized
Surrogate Mother

16. Three Stages of Pregnancy
Prenatal Development: the baby’s development during pregnancy
Germinal Stage
Embryonic Stage
Fetal Stage

17. Germinal Stage Zygote: The fertilized egg Lasts only about 2 weeks
Cell Division
Cell begins to grow while it is still in the fallopian tube
After about 4 days the zygote reaches the uterus
Implantation
After about 2 weeks of growth the zygote is about the size of a pin head

18. Embryonic Stage Embryo: developing baby from weeks 3-8
Organs and Body Systems:
All the major system develop in this stage
Brain begins to take control
Brain is sensitive to damage from drugs and alcohol
Amniotic Sac
Amniotic Fluid
Placenta: Tissue that connects the developing baby to the uterus
Umbilical Cord: long tube that connects the baby to the placenta
Placenta and Umbilical cord are responsible for taking waste away from and bringing nutrients to embryo

19. Fetal Stage Fetus: developing baby during the fetal stage
Vocal chords develop
Digestive system and kidneys begin to function
Movements are possible by the end of the 3rd month
By 7th month fetus is capable of living outside uterus but will require medical intervention

20. Fetal Stage, Continued Fetus can Suck thumb Cough Sneeze Yawn Kick
Hiccup
Cry

21. Preparing for Birth
Baby’s weight begins to shift down in 9th month- “lightening”
Fetus is turned upside down in mother’s pelvis
Less active
Muscles of the uterus and abdomen can be stretched up to 60 times their original size!
Return to original size in about 6 weeks after pregnancy.

22. Jigsaw
Describe what happens during fetal development for given month in pregnancy
Size of fetus
Organs developed
Important Developments

23. Brainpop Video
“Fetal Development”

24. Problems in Prenatal Development
Section 5-3
Problems in Prenatal Development

25. For Discussion
Excerpt from Helen Keller’s The Story of My Life

26. Objectives Contrast miscarriage and stillbirth
Identify some major birth defects
Explain the four causes of birth defects
Describe how birth defects can be diagnosed and prevented

27. Key Terms Amniocentesis Birth Defect Chronic Villi Sampling
Miscarriage
Stillbirth
Ultrasound

28. Losing a Baby Sometimes babies do not develop normally
In some cases the developing baby will die
Before 20 weeks- miscarriage
After 20 weeks- still birth
Loss of an unborn child is devastating to parents
As many as 20 percent of al pregnancies end in miscarriage

29. Types of Birth Defects
Birth defect- serious problems that threatens a child’s health or ability to live
About 3 out of 100 children are born with a birth defect
Birth defects affect:
Shape or size of the body or of certain parts of the body
A part or system of the body does not work properly
Not all birth defects are apparent at birth

30. Causes of Birth Defects
Scientists still don’t understand the cause of all birth defects
There are 4 main causes

31. Environmental Causes
During the first few weeks of conception all the baby’s major systems develop
Things that affect the development of the baby include:
Nutritional balance of the mother’s diet
Diseases or infections the mother has
Harmful substances the mother takes in
Some medicines
Exposure to outside hazards such as radiation

32. Hereditary Causes
Thousands of genes make up a genetic blueprint- each person has about 5-6 imperfect recessive genes
A single copy of this defective gene- no effect
2 copies of this gene=birth defect or a dominant defective gene=birth defect
Some inherited conditions affect only one sex
Ex- Hemophilia (prevents blood from clotting) and color blindness

33. Errors in Chromosomes
Some birth defects are linked to a problem with the baby’s chromosomes
Ex- too many or too few chromosomes
The child does not inherit this condition
Most common is down syndrome
1 child in every 800 births has down syndrome
Risk is higher in mothers over 35
Child has an extra chromosome 21

34. Interaction of Heredity and Environment
Sometimes birth defects result from heredity and environment combined
Ex- A baby may inherit the tendency for a heart defect but only appears if some factor- such as a drug or virus- affects the baby during development
Researchers think this is probably the cause of cleft lip and spina bifida

35. Prevention and Diagnosis of Birth Defects
Children with birth defects have difficulty leading normal lives
The rest of the family is affected too
Responsible couples do everything possible to minimize the possibility of birth defects

36. Genetic Counseling Some people seek genetic counseling
May or may not already have a child with a birth defect
Does not tell people what to do, only explains risks and options
Family doctors can perform this service, but is best provided by a specialist
The genetic counselor first gathers family histories from the couple
Then they are given thorough medical examinations and sometimes tests

37. Prenatal Testing
More than 100 birth defects can now be found before a baby is born
There is not a test to tell if a child will be normal
These tests can alert the physician of problems; many times they can be taken care of before birth or immediately following birth
Sometimes blood testing can reveal birth defects

38. Types of Prenatal Tests
Ultrasound- checks for specific health problems
Can show if the fetus is developing on schedule
Can confirm due date
Amniocentesis- Process of withdrawing a sample of amniotic fluid and then testing it for indications of birth defects
About 1 out of 200 amniocentesis tests result in miscarriage
Chronic Villi Sampling- Tests a small amount of the tissue surrounding the fetus
Guided by a ultrasound image the doctor inserts a small tube throught the woman’s vagina into the uterus; the samples are then obtained by snipping or suction
Risk of miscarriage or birth defect is mush higher than amniocentesis

39. Ask the Experts
P. 163

40. Avoiding Dangers to the Baby
Section 5-4
Avoiding Dangers to the Baby

41. Key Terms
Fetal Alcohol effects
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

42. Objectives
Identify the hazards that alcohol and other drugs pose to prenatal development
Discuss other environmental hazards that pregnant women should avoid

43. Alcohol Alcohol is a drug
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome- a pregnant woman who drinks is at risk for her child developing FAS
Includes physical and mental problems
1 in 5 babies with FAS die soon after birth
Almost all are mentally retarded
Other problems: slow growth, poor coordination, heart defects, and facial disfigurement
Also, learning disabilities and hyperactivity

44. Alcohol, continued
Fetal Alcohol Effects- less severe than FAS, but still suffers from some of the same problems
Severity depends on amount consumed by mother, stage of pregnancy, and presence of other drugs in the mother’s system
Can be prevented by not drinking!
It is not know how much alcohol will cause the syndrome

45. Other Drugs Prescription and over the counter drugs
No such thing as a completely safe drug
First 3 months are most critical
Last 6 months- slowed growth, infections, and bleeding at birth
Meds should not be taken unless approved by the doctor
Caffeine- also a drug, can cause birth defects as well, not sure about amounts

46. Other Drugs, continued
Tobacco- the more a mother smokes the smaller the baby will be
Heavy smoking can cause premature birth
Linked to respiratory infections, allergies, and asthma
Illegal Drugs- a mother who is addicted to an illegal drug normally passes the addiction to the baby
After birth the baby must go through withdrawal, some babies die
Long-term effects may be serious, many of these children have problems following directions and learning disabilities

47. X Rays Radiation can cause birth defects as well
Pregnant women should warn medical personnel
Always request abdominal shields during x rays

48. Rubella
When a pregnant woman contracts rubella babies can suffer with deafness, blindness, heart disease, or mental retardation
Vaccines are available but can be dangerous for women who are pregnant or become pregnant shortly after the shot

49. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Include: Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Hepatitis B, Genital Herpes, AIDS, Group B Streptococcus, Chlamydia
Can be passed from mother to child
Can result in death or other birth defects
You can have a STD without knowing it!
AIDS- the virus that causes AIDS can be passed from mother to child