1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
Body Systems
Levels of Organization
Homeostasis
Terminology

2. Anatomy Anatomy – study of structures of body
Gross (macroscopic) anatomy - visible to naked eye
Surface anatomy: superficial features
Regional “ ”: body areas
Systemic “ ”: groups of organs
Microscopic anatomy - cells & molecules
Cytology: study of cell structure
Histology: “ ” tissues

3. Physiology Physiology – how organisms perform vital functions Cell
Special : fxns of specific organs
Systemic : fxns of organ system
Pathology: effects of diseases on organs/system fxn

4. Body Systems
Can you name all the body systems?

5. Circulatory System
Transport of materials between all cells of the body
Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood

6. Digestive
Conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body; elimination of wastes
Stomach, Intestines, Liver, Pancreas

7. Endocrine
Coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules
Thyroid gland, adrenal gland

8. Immune
Defense against foreign invaders
Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes

9. Integumentary
Protection from external environment
Skin

10. Muscular
Allow movement of bones and body parts by working with the nervous and skeletal systems
Skeletal Muscles

11. Skeletal
Support and movement
Bones

12. Nervous
Coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules
Brain, spinal cord

13. Reproductive
Perpetuation of the species
Ovaries, uterus, testes

14. Respiratory
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environments
Lungs, airways

15. Urinary/Excretory
Maintenance of water and solutes in the internal environment; waste removal
Kidneys, bladder

16. 1-3: Levels of Organization
Chemical (Molecular) - atoms are smallest chemical units
Cellular - smallest unit of structure capable of carrying out life processes
Tissue - connections of cells that carry out related functions
Organ - Structural and Functional units formed from tissues
Organ System - Groups of organs integrating their functions
Organism – A living system
*Each level is dependent on the one(s) below it!

17. Figure 1-1

18. Homeostasis
Homeostasis: all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
Receptor – receives stimulus
Control Center (Integrator) - processes signal & sends instructions
Effector - carries out response
failure to restore balance results in illness/disease or death

19. Figure 1-3

20. Negative & Positive Feedback
Negative feedback: variation triggers response that corrects situation
response of effector negates stimulus  homeostasis restored
Positive Feedback: response of the effector reinforces Δ caused by stimulus  body moves away from homeostasis
Ex: clotting process, childbirth

21. Figure 1-4

22. Positive Feedback
Figure 1-5

23. Anatomy Surface Anatomy
Anatomical position: hands at sides, palms forward
Supine: lying down, face up
Prone: “ ”, face down

24. Anatomical Landmarks. Anterior
Figure 1-6

25. Anatomical Landmarks. Anterior
Figure 1-6

26. Anatomical Landmarks. Posterior
Figure 1-6

27. Anatomical Landmarks. Posterior
Figure 1-6

30. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1-7

31. Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1-7

32. Abdominopelvic Relationships
Figure 1-7

33. Abdominopelvic regions

34. Directional References
Figure 1-8

35. Directional References
Figure 1-8

37. Plane of Section
Figure 1-9

39. Body Cavities 2 essential fxns:
Protection for organs (shock absorption)
Permit Δ’s in size & shape of internal organs
Serous Membranes - line body cavities & cover organs
consist of 2 layers:
a) Parietal — lines cavity
b) Visceral — covers organ

40. Body Cavities Ventral body cavity (coelom)
Divided by diaphragm into thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities
Thoracic cavity
L & R pleural cavities: contain lungs
Mediastinum
contains blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus
lower portion contains pericardial cavity (holds heart)

41. Body Cavities Abdominopelvic / Peritoneal Cavity
Abdominal cavity — superior portion
contains digestive organs
Pelvic cavity — inferior portion
contains reproductive organs, rectum, bladder
Peritoneal cavity — chamber w/in abdominopelvic cavity
Parietal peritoneum lines body wall
Visceral peritoneum covers organs

42. Figure 1-10

43. Mediastinum
Figure 14-7a

44. Figure 16-8b

45. Radiological Procedures
X-rays – high-E radiation penetrates tissues
radiodensity – resistance to x-rays
CT (computed tomography)
rotating x-ray produces sectional view  3D relationships
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
clear details of soft tissue
PET (positron emission tomography)
chemical fxn, organ structure
Ultrasound
Produces echogram from reflected sound waves

46. X-Rays
Figure 1-11

47. Figure 1-12