1. Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles

2. Chordates
Four characteristics present at some stages of their development
Notochord- extends along upper part of body for support
Postnatal tail- muscular structure at end of developing chordates
Nerve cord- develops into the brain and spinal cord
Pharyngeal pouches- found in region between mouth and digestive tube

3. Vertebrates Have all chordate characteristics but additionally
Have endoskeleton, and part of it is stack of vertebrae and cartilage
Either cold blooded ectotherms or warm-blooded endotherms

4. Fish Ectotherms with streamline shape, muscular tail, fins, and scales
Exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen through gills
Reproduce sexually, either external or internal fertilization

5. Types of Fish cartilaginous Bony fish
Skeletons made of cartilage, movable jaws with well developed teeth, and tiny scales that make their skin feel like fine sandpaper
Skeletons of bone
Swim bladder that inflates or deflates
About 95% of all fish

6. Amphibians
Ectotherms that engage in hibernation in cold weather and estivation in hot weather
Some breathe through skin, others have small lungs
Need water for reproduction because eggs fertilized externally
Most go through metamorphosis
Frogs, toads, newts, salamanders

7. Reptiles
Ectotherms with thick, dry, waterproof skin covered with scales.
Breathe with lungs
Internal fertilization and lay eggs with shells.
Amniotic egg provides a complete environment for embryo’s development

8. Three Reptile Groups
Lizards and snakes have jaws that unhinge so they can swallow their prey whole
Turtles have two part shell made of hard, bony plates that protects against predators
Crocodilians are lizard shaped with large, deep scales on their backs
Crocodiles have narrow head with triangular shaped snout while alligators have broad head with rounded snout. Gavials have slender snout with large bump on the end
Among few reptiles that care for young

10. Birds All have feathers and scales and lay eggs Bird eggs
Shell made of calcium carbonate
Clutch- group of eggs laid by female bird
Parent incubates egg to keep warm until it hatches

11. Flight Adaptations Lightweight, strong skeleton Wings Feathers
Strong flight muscles
Efficient respiratory system
Well-developed senses

12. Bird Features Bones are hollow to be lighter Feathers
Contour feathers give birds their coloring and smooth shape. Used for flight
Down feathers provide birds with an insulating layer to keep them warm
Preening is a process where birds rub oil on its feathers to condition them

13. Wings Move up down, back forth
Shape provides upward push called lift for flight
Also can be used for swimming and balance

14. Importance
Food source, pets, pest control, flower pollinators, seed dispersers
Evolved from reptiles
Archaeopteryx oldest bird fossil found

15. Mammals Have hair and produce milk for young Skin and glands Hair
Skin produces fur or hair, horns, claws, nails, or hooves
Mammary glands make milk for feeding young
Oil, sweat, scent glands, too
Hair
Keeps mammals warm
Whiskers help animals sense their environment
Blubber- how animals with no hair keep warm
Quills and spines are modified hairs that protect animals from predators

16. Teeth Incisors, premolars, canines, and molars
Omnivores have all types of teeth
Carnivores have large canine teeth for eating meat
Herbivores have premolar and molar teeth to eat plants

17. Reproduction All mammals produce sexually
Most mammals give birth to live young
Young feed on milk while learning survival skills

18. Types of Mammals
Monotremes- lay eggs and have no nipples on mammary glands
Marsupials- give birth to immature young that usually feed and develop in mother’s pouch
Placentals- develop embryos inside mother’s uterus
Gestation period- amount of time embryo develops in the uterus
Placenta- organ inside uterus, absorbs oxygen and food from mother’s blood
Umbilical cord- how embryos connect to placenta

19. Monotremes

20. Marsupials

21. Placental

22. Mammal Importance Carnivores control populations of grazing animals
Mammals pollinate flowers and distribute seeds
First developed around 65 million years ago when dinosaurs become extinct