1. FINAL REVIEW!!!! Everything is Important!! Everything is AWESOMMMME!!!!

2. Kidneys Location Kidneys lie under back muscles, behind parietal peritoneum, just above waistline Internal structure Renal cortex—outer layer of kidney Renal cortex—outer layer of kidney Renal medulla—inner portion of kidney Renal medulla—inner portion of kidney 2

3. Kidneys Microscopic structure Renal corpuscle Bowman capsule—cup-shaped top of nephron Glomerulus—network of blood capillaries surrounded by Bowman capsule Glomerulus—network of blood capillaries surrounded by Bowman capsule Associated with circulatory system due to the use of the blood.Associated with circulatory system due to the use of the blood. 3

4. Formation of Urine Filtration Filtration Glomerular blood pressure causes water and dissolved substances to filter out of glomeruli into the Bowman capsule 4

5. Formation of Urine Reabsorption Movement of substances OUT of renal tubules INTO blood Movement of substances OUT of renal tubules INTO blood in peritubular capillaries Water, nutrients, and ions are reabsorbed Water is reabsorbed by osmosis 5

6. Ureters Function—drain urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder Function—drain urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder 6

7. Kidneys Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)—first segment Henle loop (Loop of Henle) Henle loop (Loop of Henle) — extension of proximal tubule; consists of descending limb, loop, and ascending limb In between the PCT and DCT!!! Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)—extension of ascending limb of Henle loop 7

8. Renal and Urinary Disorders Urethritis—inflammation of the urethra Cystitis—inflammation or infection of the urinary bladder Cystitis—inflammation or infection of the urinary bladder Pyelonephritis—inflammation of renal pelvis and connective tissues of the kidney; may be acute (infectious) or chronic (autoimmune) 8

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11. Sexual Reproduction Gametes Gametes —sex cells that fuse at fertilization to form a one-celled zygote, the first cell of the offspring Sperm Sperm —gamete from the male parent Ovum Ovum —gamete from the female parent 11

12. Male Reproductive System Testes—the gonads of men Structure and location Testes in scrotum—lower temperature tunica albuginea Covered by a tough, whitish membrane tunica albuginea, which divides testis into lobules containing seminiferous tubules 12

13. Male Reproductive System Testes Functions Spermatogenesis is process of sperm production Spermatozoa—male reproductive cell Head contains genetic material Acrosome contains enzymes to assist sperm in penetration of ovum Acrosome contains enzymes to assist sperm in penetration of ovum Mitochondria provide energy for movement 13

14. Male Reproductive System Epididymis— (Comma Shape) Epididymis— (Comma Shape) single coiled tube about 6 m in length; lies along the top and behind the testis in the scrotum Sperm mature and develop the capacity for motility as they pass through the epididymis 14

15. Male Reproductive System Reproductive ducts Ductus (vas) deferens—receives sperm from the epididymis and transports them from scrotal sac through the abdominal cavity Ductus (vas) deferens—receives sperm from the epididymis and transports them from scrotal sac through the abdominal cavity 15

16. Male Reproductive System Accessory or supportive sex glands Prostate gland Prostate gland Shaped like a doughnut and located below bladder Shaped like a doughnut and located below bladder Urethra passes through the gland Thin milk-colored secretion that represents 30% of seminal fluid volume Thin milk-colored secretion that represents 30% of seminal fluid volume Activates sperm and is needed for ongoing sperm motility 16

17. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System May cause reduced reproductive ability (infertility) or total inability to reproduce (sterility) Disorders of the testes Oligospermia—low sperm production Cryptorchidism—undescended testes Cryptorchidism—undescended testes Testicular cancer—most common in young adult men ages 25 to 35 17

18. Female Reproductive System Production of estrogen and progesterone EstrogenEstrogen causes development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics Such as breast development, initiation of first menstrual cycle, and other maturation of reproductive organs 18

19. Female Reproductive System Reproductive ducts Uterine (fallopian) tubes (or oviducts) Uterine (fallopian) tubes (or oviducts) Extend about 10 cm from uterus into abdominal cavity fimbriae Expanded distal end surrounded by fimbriae 19

20. Terms to Know seminiferous tubules seminal vesicles interstitial cells scrotum testes ductus deferens prostate gland sperm cell epididymis. tunica albuginea corpus spongiosum

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24. Upper respiratory tract— nose, pharynx, and larynx Lower respiratory tract— trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs 24 Respiratory Tracts

25. Structure Tube (windpipe) about 11 cm (4½ inches) long that extends from larynx into the thoracic cavity Mucous lining DOES NOT TRAP IMPURITIES!! C-shaped rings of cartilage hold trachea open Function—passageway for air to move to and from lungs 25 Trachea

26. Function— breathing (pulmonary ventilation) Atelectasis—incomplete expansion or collapse of lung (alveoli); can be caused Atelectasis—incomplete expansion or collapse of lung (alveoli); can be caused by: Pneumothorax—presence of air in the pleural space Hemothorax—presence of blood in the pleural space 26 Lungs and Pleura

27. Mechanics of breathing Pulmonary ventilation inspiration expiration Pulmonary ventilation includes two phases called inspiration (movement of air into lungs) and expiration (movement of air out of lungs) Air moves into or out of lungs because of pressure differences (pressure gradient); air moves from high air pressure toward low air pressure 27 Respiration

28. Mucous membrane that lines the air distribution tubes in the respiratory tree Mucus serves as: An air purification mechanism by trapping inspired irritants such as dust, pollen Warms and moistens inhaled air 28 Respiratory Mucosa

29. Terms to Know pharynx bronchi alveoli respiratory mucosa respiratory membrane bronchioles lung trachea pleura larynx

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