1. VERTEBRATES

2. CHORDATA Have a notochord( replaced in human by backbone)
Pharyngeal Pouches- become gills or lungs
Post –anal tail-disappears in us
Dorsal hollow nerve chord- becomes the spinal chord

3. Fish

4. 3 Types Agnatha- Jawless- Lamprey and hagfish
Chondrichthyes- cartilage fish- sharks, rays,and skates
Osteichthyes- Boney fish- majority

5. Fish Characteristics
Have gills- water passes over gills. The oxygen in the water is exchanged for the carbon dioxide in the gills. This is called COUNTER CURRENT EXCHANGE.

6. 2 chambered heart
Sexual reproduction –most external fertilization- called spawning
Some have internal fertilization like sharks
Paired fins
Scales- thin boney plates
Swim Bladder- fills with oxygen or nitrogen to control swimming depth

7. Sensory system called LATERAL LINE SYSTEM- detects changes in environment. Found in Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes.

8. AMPHIBIANS Salamanders, frogs, toads, legless caecillans
Thin moist skin- helps to absorb oxygen from air
Need water for fertilization to occur- sperm needs to swim to egg.
External fertilization
Ectotherm- body temperature varies according to environmental temperature
Frogs and toads secrete chemical so they are bad tasting so predator won’t eat them
Frogs have vocal chords to communicate

9. Metamorphosis Go through intermediate stage before becoming adult
Egg → Tadpole → FROG
fins legs
gills lungs
2 chambered ♥ chambered ♥

11. Reptiles Crocodiles, Alligators, Snakes
Scaly skin- prevents water loss
Reproduce on land- Internal Fertilization
Produce EGGS- covered in leathery material. Amniotic egg- provides nourishment for embryo
Legs are directly under body for speed

12. Some have 3 chambered hearts, most have 4
Ectotherms
Nutrition- some are herbivores, predators or carnivores.
Obtain prey by catching, constriction, or poisoning

13. Jacobson’s organ- sense organ.
Snake sticks out their tongue and collects air molecules. Draws tongue into pit in mouth and senses what is there.

14. BIRDS
Feathers-
Wings
made of protein- provides insulation and enables flight.
Molting- new growth
Loss of wing and tail feathers occur in pairs- balance for flight
Attached to breast bone called a sternum
Hollow bones- have air spaces- enables flight

15. Circulatory/Respiratrory System
Birds require a lot of energy for flight
Have a 4 chambered heart
High heart beat-
chickadee- 500/min human- 70/min
Oxygen supplied during inhalation and exhalation

16. Endotherm- maintain constant body temperature
Internal Fertilization- have an amniotic egg with a hard shell.
Birds make nests and incubate their eggs until hatched
Adaptations- beak shape and size according to food source

17. Mammals
Endotherm- maintain constant body temperature

18. 7 CHARACTERISTICS OF MAMMALS
Hair- made of keratin- provides insulation
Produce milk for nourishment of young through mammary glands
Diaphragm- muscle that helps enlarge chest cavity for air intake

19. 4. 4 chambered heart- oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood do not mix- most efficient
5. Specialized teeth- adapted to what they eat-
pointed incisors- grasping
canines- puncture
molars- grinding

20. 6. Modified limbs- used for food gathering, opposable thumb
7. Developed Brain- able to teach their young, remember what they learn
Chimps use tools
Brain- has many grooves to increase active surface area.

21. Mammalian Diversity-based on reproductive method
Placental (90%)-fetus develops in uterus. Nourished through placenta. Gestation (how long in uterus varies)
Marsupial- embryo spends short time in mom then develops in pouch(Kangaroo, Koalas)
Monotreme- Egg layer like duck billed platypus and spiny anteater