1. INTRODUCTION TO A&P FALL 2012

2. Bios- life Cardium- heart Dorsum- back Homeo- unchanging -logy- study of Median- situated in the middle Paries-wall Pathos- disease Peri- around Pronus- inclined forward Stupinus- lying on the back Venter- belly or abdomen VOCAB DEVELOPMENT

3. COMMON FUNCTIONS OF ALL LIVING THINGS… 1.responsiveness 1.irritability- organisms respond to environmental changes immediately 2.adaptability- long term adjustments 2.growth 3.reproduction 4.movement 1.internal 2.external 5.metabolism 1.provides energy required for the four things listed above 2.refers to all of the chemical operations under way in the body

4. ANATOMY Anatomy- study of internal and external structure and the physical relationships between body parts divided into: gross anatomy microscopic anatomy

5. GROSS ANATOMY (MACROSCOPIC) - visible with the unaided eye surface anatomy- study of general form & superficial markings regional anatomy- all of the superficial & internal features in a specific region of the body (head, neck, torso) systemic anatomy- structure of major organ systems

6. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY cannot be seen without magnification specialties cytology- analyzes the internal structure of individual cells histology- examination of tissues tissues- groups of specialized cells that work together to perform a specific function organs- tissues combined to perform specific function(s)

7. PHYSIOLOGY physiology- study of the function of anatomical structures human physiology cell physiology- study of the functions of living cells special physiology- physiology of specific organs systemic physiology- physiology of all aspects of the function of specific organ systems pathological physiology (pathology)- study of the effect of diseases on organ or system functions  All physiological functions are performed by anatomical structures.

8. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 6 levels of organization within the human body Chemical Atoms- smallest stable unit of matter Atoms combine to form molecules Cellular Different molecules can interact to form a larger structures Tissue Similar cells working together to perform a specific function Organ Two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions Organ system Organs interact Organism All of the organ systems of the body work together

9. ORGAN SYSTEMS The human body consists of 11 organ systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphoid Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

10. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Cutaneous membrane Epidermis Dermis Hair follicles Hairs Sebaceous glands Sweat glands Nails Sensory receptors Subcutaneous layer

11. SKELETAL SYSTEM Bones, cartilages and joints Axial skeleton Skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, sacrum, cartilages, & ligaments Appendicular skeleton Limbs & supporting bones & ligaments Bone marrow

12. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Skeletal muscles (700) Axial muscles Appendicular muscles Tendons

13. NERVOUS SYSTEM Central nervous system Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system

14. Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Thymus Adrenal glands Kidneys Pancreas Gonads Testes Ovaries ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

15. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Heart Blood vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins Blood

16. LYMPHOID SYSTEM Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Spleen Thymus

17. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs alveoli

18. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Salivary glands Pharynx Esophogus Stomach Small intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Large intestine

19. URINARY SYSTEM Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra

20. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Testes Accessory organs Epididymis Ductus deferens Seminal glands Prostate gland Urethra External genitalia Penis Scrotum

21. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina External genitalia Clitoris Labia Mammary glands

22. HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis is the tendency toward internal balance. All cells in the body are in contact with blood or some other body fluid, and any change in the composition of the fluid will affect them. Homeostatic regulation- the adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis

23. HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION Homeostatic regulation usually involves; A receptor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change (stimulus) A control center (integration center) that receives and processes information from the receptor An effector that responds to the commands of the control center Its activity opposes or reinforces that stimulus When homeostatic regulation fails, organ systems begin to malfunction

24. NEGATIVE & POSITIVE FEEDBACK Negative feedback opposes variation to normal Positive feedback exaggerates variation to normal

25. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK Regardless of whether the stimulus rises or falls at the receptor a variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation Most homeostatic mechanisms in the body involve negative feedback

26. POSITIVE FEEDBACK The initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus Positive feedback loops are involved in the regulation of a potentially dangerous or stressful process that has to be completed quickly Ex: hypothermia Ex: severe cut

27. ANATOMICAL TERMS Anatomical terms describe: Body regions Anatomical positions & directions Body sections

28. ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS Anatomical position- hands at the sides with palms facing forward & feet together Supine- lying down face up in anatomical position Prone- lying down face down in anatomical position

29. ANATOMICAL REGIONS 4 abdominopelvic quadrants Right upper (RUQ) Right lower (RLQ) Left upper (LUQ) Left lower (LLQ) ***these are formed by two perpendicular lines that intersect at the belly button

30. ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS 9 abdominopelvic regions Right hypochondriac Epigastric (liver, stomach) Left hypochondriac (spleen) Right lumbar Umbilical (large intestine, small intestine, gall bladder) Left lumbar Hypogastric (urinary bladder, appendix) Right inguinal Left inguinal

31. DIRECTIONAL TERMS Anterior- front; before Ventral- belly side Posterior- back; behind Dorsal- back Cranial or cephalic- head Superior- above; at a higher level Caudal- tail Inferior- below; at a lower level

32. DIRECTIONAL TERMS CONT… Medial- toward the body’s longitudinal axis Lateral- away from the body’s longitudinal axis Proximal- toward an attached base Distal- away from an attached base Superficial- at, near, or relatively close to the body surface Deep- farther from the body surface

33. SECTION PLANES: TRANSVERSE PLANE Lies at right angles to the long axis of the body Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

34. SECTIONAL PLANES: FRONTAL PLANE Aka coronal plane Runs along the long axis of the body Extends laterally Divides body into anterior and posterior positions

35. SAGITTAL PLANE Runs along the long axis of the body Extends anteriorly and posteriorly Divides the body into left and right portions

36. BODY CAVITIES Body cavities protect internal organs and allow them to change shape. 2 essential functions 1. protect delicate organs from accidental shocks and cushion them from the jolting that occurs when we walk, jump, or run 2. permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs

37. VENTRAL BODY CAVITY Contains the organs of the following systems; Respiratory Cardiovascular Digestive Urinary Reproductive Subdivided into: Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic