1. Binational Desalination: Past Studies and Present Opportunities Tom McCann Manager, Resource Planning & Analysis June 20, 2008

2. History The idea of a desalination project to benefit both Arizona and Sonora is more than 40 years old There is a long history of cooperation between the two states to explore desalination

3. 1964 Cooperative research program between University of Arizona and University of Sonora regarding the use of nuclear energy for desalting seawater

4. 1965 President Johnson and President Diaz Ordaz sign an agreement to explore the feasibility of using nuclear power to supply fresh water and electricity to arid areas near the U.S.-Mexico border

5. 1966 Government and university officials from the U.S. and Mexico meet at the University of Arizona to discuss the potential for a nuclear desalting plant on the Gulf of California

6. 1967 Officials from University of Arizona and the State of Sonora work on a cooperative investigation and feasibility study on the economic impact to Arizona and Sonora from a nuclear desalting plant on the Gulf of California

7. 1968 U.S. Bureau of Reclamation reconnaissance report recommends further study of a large-scale desalting plant on the Gulf of California with an aqueduct to transport water to Lake Mead

8. Los Angeles San Diego Lake Mead USBR 1968 Reconnaissance Report (Alternative) Nuclear Desalting Plant Aqueduct

9. 1968 Joint study by United States, Mexico and International Atomic Energy Agency entitled, “Nuclear Power and Water Desalting Plants for the Southwest United States and Northwest Mexico”

10. U.S.-Mexico-IAEA Study Determined that a plant capable of producing 1 billion gallons of fresh water per day (3,785,000 m 3 /d) would be needed to serve the growing demands of the southwest U.S. and northwest Mexico

11. US/Mexico/IAEA 1968 Study Potential Nuclear Desalination Sites

12. 1968 Conclusion “…large dual purpose plants using nuclear energy are technically feasible means of providing power and fresh water to the area studied. Additionally, the economic forecasts for these plants appear to be sufficiently attractive to merit further consideration.”

13. 1970 Arizona Atomic Energy Commission holds special meeting for U.S. and Mexican officials on “The Role of Nuclear Power and Desalting in the Southwestern United States and Northwest Mexico” Arizona Governor Williams endorses the desalting program

14. 1971 U.S. and Mexican officials meet in Mexico City to discuss the project Both countries are interested in a large-scale desalting project, but immediate efforts focus on a smaller scale demonstration project

15. What Happened? Colorado River salinity dispute between U.S. and Mexico Arizona electric utilities decide to construct Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station Missed opportunity?

16. Today’s Opportunity Benefits of binational power/desalination project on the Gulf of California: –High quality drinking water to meet municipal demands in Mexico –New water supplies for Arizona and other Basin States –Energy to meet needs in U.S. and Mexico –Regional economic stimulus