1. 1960s This was the most dangerous decade.

2. A summit was planned for May 1960 to discuss Berlin and nuclear weapons. President Eisenhower wanted an 'open skies' agreement Khrushchev refused - but Eisenhower did so anyway.

3. The U-2 Incident May 1, 1960

4. Gary Powers U-2 spy plane

9. Aftermath

10. The Paris Summit between Dwight Eisenhower and Nikita Khrushchev collapsed. Eisenhower refused to make apologies over the incident, demanded by Khrushchev.

12. Effects of the U2 incident 1. The Paris meeting collapsed, and there was no Test Ban Treaty. 2. There was no discussion of the problem of Berlin - which led ultimately to the Berlin Wall. 3. The incident was seen as a defeat for the US – –so US elected John F Kennedy as President because he promised to get much tougher on the Russians.

13. The Cuban Revolution Castro!

16. Fidel Castro.

19. China China breaks relations off with the Soviet Union! 1960

20. first nuclear bomb called "59-6", "59-6"

21. China's first intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM)

23. Kennedy elected president! 1961

24. Let every nation know that we shall pay any price, bear and burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, for the survival and success of freedom. Now the trumpet calls again... against the enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war. Ask not what your country can do for you: ask what you can do for your country. Inaugural speech of President Kennedy, 1961

25. Bay of Pigs

26. April 17, 1961

27. President Kennedy receives the Brigade 2506 flag in Miami in Dec. 29, 1962 and declares: "I promise to return this flag in a free Havana."

29. The Berlin Wall

30. Causes 1. Growing tension Kennedy tried to get tough on Communism. He financed the forces fighting the Communists in Vietnam and Laos In 1961 he helped an invasion of Cuba

31. Causes 2. Refugees West Berlin was wealthy and free. Many East Germans worked in West Berlin, and saw this. By 1961, 3 million had fled to the west through Berlin. by August 1961, the flow was 1,800 a day.

32. Causes 3. Sabotage The Russians claimed that the Americans used West Berlin for spying and sabotage

40. Results of Berlin Wall 1. Berlin was split in two. Hundreds of East Berliners died trying to cross it 2. America complained, but did not try to take it down – it was not worth a war.

41. 3. The West became more anti-communist.

42. The Berlin Wall is the Symbol of the Cold War!!!!

43. Cuban Missile Crisis October 14 – November 20, 1962 Nuclear catastrophe was hanging by a thread... and we weren't counting days or hours, but minutes." -Soviet General and Army Chief of Operations, Anatoly Gribkov

44. Causes 1. Superpower Tension 2. Fidel Castro’s Cuba 3.The Bay of Pigs

45. October 14 th – U2 spy plane took pictures of missile bases in Cuba Kennedy told ten days before operational

49. What to do? 1. Nuclear Strike? It would cause a nuclear war. 2. Conventional attack? There were Russian troops in Cuba, and it would probably lead to a war with Russia. 3. Use the UN? Too slow.

50. What to do? 4. Do nothing? The missile bases were too dangerous. 5. Blockade? This would stop the missiles getting to the missile bases, but it was not a direct act of war.

52. 13 Days on the Brink!! October 22 - Kennedy announced that he was mounting a naval blockade of Cuba. October 23 - Khrushchev explained that the missile sites were ‘solely to defend Cuba against the attack of an aggressor’. October 24 Russia would get ready ‘a fitting reply to the aggressor’.

53. 13 Days on the Brink!! 20 Russian ships were heading for Cuba. October 25 - The first Russian ship reached the naval blockade. It was an oil ship and was allowed through

54. 13 Days on the Brink!! More Soviet ships approached the “quarantine line”. Missiles on Board!!! America wondered if Khrushchev had enough time to instruct the ship captains. Soviet ships stopped dead in the water after receiving a radio message from Moscow.

55. 13 Days on the Brink!! "We were eyeball to eyeball and the other guy just blinked." Secretary of State Dean Rusk Not out of the woods yet!!!! October 25 - Military alert was raised to DEFCON 2, the highest ever in U.S. history. The military could, at a moment's notice, launch an attack on Cuba or the Soviet Union.

56. 13 Days on the Brink!! October 26 – US received a letter from Khrushchev. (letter one) The Soviets would remove their missiles if Kennedy publicly guaranteed the U.S. would never invade Cuba.

57. Then we received another letter from Russia. Demanding that we remove missile bases in Turkey. They were old and out of date. BUT!!!!!

58. 13 Days on the Brink!! October 27 - Kennedy wrote to Khrushchev that US would lift the blockade And agree not to invade Cuba if Khrushchev would dismantle the missile bases. Kennedy also offered secretly to dismantle the Turkish missile bases.

59. Results 1.Khrushchev lost prestige – he had failed, but prevented nuclear disaster.

60. 2.Kennedy gained prestige. He was seen as the men who faced down the Russians.

61. Results 3.Both sides had had a fright. The two leaders set up a telephone ‘hotline’ to talk directly in a crisis.

62. Results 4.In 1963, they agreed a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Cuba was the start of the end of the Cold War. 5.Cuba remained a Communist dictatorship, but America left it alone.

63. Nuclear Test Ban August 5, 1963

64. Assassination of JFK November 22, 1963

66. Lee Harvey Oswald Johnson being sworn in as president.

67. Leonid Brezhnev 1964

69. Prague Spring January 5 – August 20, 1968