1. Internet of Things: Design Decisions & ?!!
NETW 1010
Internet of Things:
Design Decisions & ?!!
Dr. Eng. Amr T. Abdel-Hamid
Fall 2013

2. Smart Project Course Project:
The proposition and prototyping of a CREATIVE
IOT system in the following fields:
Home
Campus
Office
Project groups are AFTER EED (KOL SANA WENTOM BEKHER)
5 persons Max.
Not from the same Department
Course Page:
Smart

3. Proposed Solutions Random Work Per Idea
Leave it to You to finish it then Randomize the rest?

4. IRing: Anti-Cheating RING

5. IRing: Remote Control

6. Mobile Communication Module
IRing Architecture
1,3 cm * 1.8 cm
Hard Limit
Mobile Communication Module
(GPRS/SMS)
Sim/
MicroSim
Processor
Power
Supply
(Battery)
GPS
Power
Manger

7. Models and Architectures
Models are conceptual views of the system’s functionality
Architectures are abstract views of the system’s implementation
Model: a set of functional objects and rules for composing these objects
Architecture: a set of implementation components and their connections

8. Example: An Elevator Controller Model

9. Example: An Elevator Controller Architecture
Memory
I/O
CLC
Processor
Flip-Flops
I/O Ports
Hardware (RTL) Description
System Level
(General Purpose Proc.)

10. Design Decisions Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Timely
Functionality: build your MODEL?
What to add and what to remove?
SET a SMART Requirements
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Timely

11. Design Questions How much Power is needed? Is power an issue?
Average Current needed?
Max. Transient Current
Do I need communications/Networking module?
How far? (Distance Travelled)
Authorized Frequencies
Antenna Size
Required Power
It is 1 device or in a network?
Do I need routing?
…………

12. Data Rate

13. Transmission Range

14. Power Dissipation

15. IOT EXTRA Design Challenges
Larger Scale: Scalability, the ability of a network to support the increase of its limiting parameters. We discuss the first four scalability issues here.
Large Network Size: In the Internet of Things, we are talking about interaction with thousands of devices in one place.
Massive Number of Events: A significant challenge is posed by the enormous number of events generated by objects.
Mobility Rate: Higher mobility rate causes more breakage of links and causes more routing information becoming out-of-date.
Heterogeneous Devices: In the Internet of Things there is a wide variety of hardware and devices, in all shapes and sizes.

16. IOT EXTRA Design Challenges (cont.)
Spontaneous Interaction: Sudden interactions happen as the objects move around and come into other objects’ wireless range. This leads to the spontaneous generation of events.
Zero Infrastructure: In the Internet of Things setting, devices need to discover each other as well as the resources provided by other devices in the surroundings. The challenge here is that there is no fixed infrastructure to manage resource publication, discovery and communication.

17. IOT GENERIC Architecture
Processing
API
Communication Module
Sensor/
Actuator
Communication
API
Database
Database API
Processor
Power
Supply
(Battery)
Power
Manger

18. Hardware Node

19. Controller Four important factors for the controller
Number of transistors -> size, cost, power
Number of clock cycles -> power
Time to MARKET-> cost, acceptance
Nonrecurring engineering cost (NRE) -> cost, acceptance
 Ideal: Minimize all factors at the same time!

20. Controller technology
Controller vary in their customization for the problem at hand
total = 0
for i = 1 to N loop
total += M[i]
end loop
Desired functionality
General-purpose processor
Application-specific processor
Single-purpose processor

21. Architectures Application-specific architectures
Controller architecture,
Single-purpose processor
General-purpose processors
Complex instruction set computer (CISC)
Reduced instruction set computer (RISC) ….

22. General-purpose processors
Programmable device used in a variety of applications
Also known as “microprocessor”
Features
Program memory
General datapath with large register file and general ALU
User benefits
Low time-to-market and NRE costs
High flexibility
“Pentium” the most well-known, but there are hundreds of others IR PC
Register
file
General
ALU
Datapath
Controller
Program memory
Assembly code for:
total = 0
for i =1 to …
Control
logic and State register
Data
memory

23. Single-purpose processors
Digital circuit designed to execute exactly one program
a.k.a. FPGA/ASIC
Features
Contains only the components needed to execute a single program
No program memory
Benefits
Fast
Low power
Small size
Datapath
Controller
Control logic
State register
Data
memory
index
total +

24. Application-specific processors
Programmable processor optimized for a particular class of applications having common characteristics
Compromise between general-purpose and single-purpose processors
Features
Program memory
Optimized datapath
Special functional units
Benefits
Some flexibility, good performance, size and power
Controller
Datapath
Control
logic and State register
Registers
Custom
ALU IR PC
Data
memory
Program memory
Assembly code for:
total = 0
for i =1 to …

25. Processors Comparision

26. Tasks of the controller
Running of (real time) data processing and communication protocols
Perform and control the application program
Energy management of the node
Different operation modes available (active, idle, listen, sleep, etc.)

27. Energy management of controller
Example: Power state machine of StrongARM-1100

29. Communication interfaces
Communication interface is required to exchange data with other devices
Typical communication media
Radio
Infrared (IR)
Communication interface has high energy consumption
Radio interface consumes the most energy usually

30. ISM Frequencies Worldwide

31. Radio Communication interfaces

32. Power supply
 Energy is the most critical resource in a battery operated device (sensor node, “thing”)
Energy supply has two tasks
Provision of electrical energy
Typically with batteries
Conversion of other energy forms
Extraction of energy from the environment
Energy harvesting

33. Energy consumption of sensor nodes
Energy characteristic of the components
Radio interface consumes the most energy
Ratio of energy requirements of CPU / radio interface
E(1 Instruction of CPU) : E(Sending of 1 bit) ≈1:1500 – 1:2900
Send and receive operations are roughly equal expensive
Best energy consumption reduction: switch-off radio
Flash-Memory has high energy requirements
Write operation ~900 times more expensive than read operation
Processor not so critical
Typically several power modes available
Sensors / Actors
Varies between components and difficult to predict
GPS is the WOREST I saw

34. Power Solutions
Reduction of energy by more processing and less data transmission is becoming essential
Image recognition in Camera?
NO GENERAL Solution
Discuss solutions and power modeling/calculations next lecture