1. Which are made of which contain Which are made of which contain CarbohydratesFats/ oils Nucleic acids (e.g., DNA/RNA) Proteins Simple sugars (e.g., glucose) Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids Nucleotides Amino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, 1 2 3 4 ENERGY STORAGE short-term main function ENERGY STORAGE long-term CATALYSIS & STRUCTURE /SUPPORT ENCODING HEREDITARY INFORMATION Lipids (fats) Animal fat (solid @ room temp) Plant oils (liquid @ room temp) Main Function: long-term energy storage Special Feature: contain more energy per gram than any other biological molecule (9 cal/g) Groupings: Mostly C and H atoms (hydrocarbons) Types: 1. Fats and oils 3. Steroids 2. Phospholipids

2. Structure of Lipids (fats) Glycerol Fatty acids 1 2 3

3. Adipocytes (rat) Glycerol FA = TG (Triglyceride) Courtesy of Dr. Ceddia – York University TG Lipid droplet

4. 1 ENERGY STORAGE short-term main function Making and Breaking Lipids (fats) Fats and oils are called triglycerides because of their structure Condensation Synthesis Hydrolysis What functional groups are present on the glycerol and fatty acid molecules? + 3 H 2 O Ester linkage

5. SaturatedUnsaturatedPolyunsaturated # of double bonds between carbons Orientation State at Room Temp. Origin Which are better for you? Example Types of Fatty Acids

6. SaturatedUnsaturated Poly - unsaturated # of Double Bonds between Carbons None (contains maximum # of H atoms) At least one double bond between carbon atoms Several double bonds Types of Fatty Acids

7. Fewer hydrogens – “unsaturated”

8. SaturatedUnsaturated Poly - unsaturated Orientation of Fatty Acids Straight chains Kinks / bends at the double bonds Types of Fatty Acids

9. CH 2 -CH =CH BEND DUE TO DOUBLE BOND Types of Fatty Acids

10. SaturatedUnsaturated Poly - unsaturated Examples butter,lard olive oil, vegetable oil, peanut oil, canola oil Types of Fatty Acids

11. Trans Fat Types of Fatty Acids Taking a perfectly good fat and making it bad! Addition of hydrogen atoms to the acid, causing double bonds to become single ones. (unsaturated becomes saturated) LDL HDL

12.  Fat derivatives in which one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate group and one of several nitrogen- containing molecules.  an important part of the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) Phospholipids

13. Nitrogen-containing group

14. The phospholipid can also be represented as: Polar Head – hydrophilic (water-loving) Non-Polar Tails (fatty acids) – hydrophobic (water-hating) Phospholipids

15. Testosterone Steroids consist of 4 fused carbon rings Cholesterol Precursor for other steroids Component of animal cell membranes Contributes to atherosclerosis Steroids