1. Introduction to Course and Nervous System
NEU257
Mammalian Neuroanatomy
1/6/11

2. Introductions
Structure of the course
Course website
Class structure
Textbook
Examinations
Goals of course
Two faces of neuroanatomy
Anatomy as organizational framework
Anatomy as experimental discipline

3. Class structure No required text, but required reading!
Read relevant chapters before you come to class
Combination of lecture and laboratory
More you read, more laboratory you get!
Class will be here unless otherwise noted
Lectures will be available as Powerpoint before class
Lecturers: Please copy your presentation to Flash drive

4. Examinations Practical Midterm and Final Teaching aid
Based on slides (Powerpoint) of brain regions
No black boxes
Material from lecture, laboratory and textbook fair game
Midterm and Final

5. Useful web sites Listed on your syllabus Digital anatomist
Brainmaps.org
Neuroscience Information Framework
Neurolex
Brain Info

6. Gross anatomy of the nervous system

7. Adult mammalian neuroanatomy

8. Organization of the Nervous System
CNS (neural plate)
Brain
Spinal cord
PNS (neural crest)
Somatic
Autonomic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric
Gut motility and secretion
“gross anatomical convenience”-Swanson

9. Directions Medial Lateral Lateral Proximal Distal Distal Ipsilateral
Relative to midline
Ipsilateral
Contralateral

10. Planes of Section Cardinal planes vs oblique planes
Cardinal planes vs oblique planes

11. Quadruped vs Biped Transverse-Horizontal Frontal-coronal
“For almost all vertebrates, including almost all bipeds, these axes all provide a consistent reference for anatomical positions across species—with the inferior/superior axis being roughly the same as the dorsal/ventral axis, and therefore redundant. Humans, however, have the rare property of having a torso oriented perpendicular to their direction of forward motion—while their head orientation remains consistent with other vertebrates on this axis. This makes the dorsal/ventral axis on humans redundant with the anterior/posterior axis, and the inferior/superior axis necessary. Because of this difference with humans, the anterior/posterior and inferior/superior axes are inconsistent between humans and other vertebrates in torso anatomy but consistent in head anatomy. “
Transverse-Horizontal
Frontal-coronal
Dorsal-ventral/anterior posterior/superior-inferior

12. Development of the Nervous System

13. Divisions of the Brain
Embryonic vesicles form the fundamental regional brain divisions in the adult

14. Alar vs Basal Plates

18. Sylvian Fissure
Gyri and sulci

19. Dividing up the brain Terms: White matter vs gray matter
Cortex vs Subcortical nuclei
Nuclei vs Ganglia
Columns: elongated nuclei
Laminar (layered) structure

20. Nissl vs Myelin Stain

21. Callosum (L): hard, tough
Corpus Callosum
Commissure vs decussation

22. More white matter terms
Tract: common origin and destination
Fasciculus, funiculus, peduncle or brachium: distinct collection of nerve fibers (may contain many tracts)
Lemiscus: Ascending fibers in the brainstem

23. Brain is divided into “regional parts” based on:
Gross appearance: e.g., gray matter vs white matter
Landmarks, e.g., sulci
Histology
Cytoarchitecture
Chemoarchitecture
Projection patterns
Functional considerations

24. General Functions Associated with each Lobe
Somatosensory
Motor P F O T
Vision
Audition
Structure-function relationships

25. Sulci form useful landmarks to delineate different functional areas

26. Cerebral Blood Supply

27. The Ventricles

28. Cerebral ventricles Lateral ventricles Interventricular foramen
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle

29. Ventricular system in mid-sagittal section

30. Useful guides for identification

32. Meninges Pachymeninges=dura mater Leptomeninges =
Arachnoid + pia mater

33. Sinuses

34. Cerebrospinal Fluid

35. CSF 125 ml in adult human 500 ml/24 hr period
Produced by choroid plexus, principally in the lateral ventricles
Forms “water cushion” for brain
Bathes neural tissue, extending into perivascular spaces

36. Flow of CSF

37. Hydrocephalus

38. Other Useful Websites
Greek and Latin roots of neuroscience (especially neuroanatomy) words